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Cap d'Agde
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== Development == {{main article|Agde}} Historically, this area was occupied by moorland and vineyards.<ref>The [[phylloxera]] disease (imported from the United States) led in 1907 to riots by winegrowers. The agathois soldiers of the army refused to shoot and were sent to the penal colony (exhibition at the Espace Molière)</ref><ref>[https://revue-histoire.fr/histoire-contemporaine/la-revolte-des-vignerons-du-languedoc-de-1907/ La révolte des vignerons du Languedoc de 1907]</ref> and the only industry at the beginning of the 20th century was the distilleries for alcohol supply. After immediate World War II, a naturist campsite (Camp Oltra) is set up in Port Lano (former Port Ambonne).<ref name="campOltra">{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.capdagde.com/otca-experience/le-naturisme/ |title=Naturism |website=Cap d'Agde Tourist Office (official) |date=2022 |access-date=19 May 2024 |quote=Two young winegrower brothers, René and Paul Oltra, worked their parents' seaside vineyard. After work, they went skinny-dipping. But they weren't the only ones, as more and more bathers, especially German campers specially installed on their land, went skinny-dipping. <br>At the time, grape growing was in crisis. The two brothers came up with the idea of creating a naturist campsite. In 1954, René and Paul obtained authorization for the project, which, like all avant-garde projects, was tinged with skepticism. At the time, Cap d'Agde resort didn't exist.}}</ref> Due to 1960's [[annual leave]] and the introduction of plastic instead of wood for the construction of sail and motor boats with the "[[Plastic#History|Plastic révolution]]"<ref>{{cite book|language=en|first=Izol Emilia|last=Marez Lopez |title=Tourist towns in Languedoc-Roussillon |date=18 January 2021 |url=https://www.docomomo.pt/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/DocomomoJournal60_2019_IMLopez.pdf |quote= Nautical sports were available to all, due to the introduction of plastic for the construction of boats. Step by step, the coasts of France were invaded by the masses. A transformation of spontaneous and unorganized coastlines was observed. Ports de plaisance [leisure ports] were built for nautical activities, and the beaches became insufficient, overflowing and decadent. The rise of boating became the activity generating the tourist exploitation of the coast of Languedoc-Roussillon. The ports de plaisance and marinas would be the urban elements guiding the nautical activities on the French coast and causing the change in the activities in tourist resorts...}}</ref> there is a need for structured coastal development for all seashores in France. A sea resort at Agde in [[Occitania]] was planned in the 1960s by the [[Mission Racine]] in the (insane with mosquitoes) old salt marsh in Cap d'Agde, the Luno lagoon, 1967 builder : [[Caisse des dépôts et consignations|SEBLI]] from [[Béziers]] and SOGEBI.<ref name="SOGEBI">{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.ville-agde.fr/culture-patrimoine/histoire/pierrick-lapeyre |title=Mayor Pierrick Lapeyre 1965-1971 |website=ville d'Agde(official) |quote=A semi-public company, SOGEBI, was created, with capital shared between SEBLI, the town of Agde (20% of the capital, 50,000 francs), other coastal towns and the Béziers Chamber of Commerce and Industry. This SEM is responsible for managing the fledgling port of Le Cap.}}</ref><ref name=SBLI>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.ville-agde.fr/la-mairie/archives-municipales/archives-municipales |title=Birth and history of Cap d'Agde |website=Archives municipales d'Agde (official) |quote=1961-1962: The Ministry of Construction and the Compagnie du Bas Rhône (CNABRL) (Lower Rhône Company) embarked on major land acquisitions, creating the "zones d'aménagement différé" (deferred development zones) in the Agde "Lano" region of large tracts of land suitable for tourist development [an insalubrious area]. In 1964, a decree was issued for the "Plan d'Urbanisme d'Intérêt Régional". In 1968, the Société d'Economie Mixte "Société d'Equipement du Biterrois et de son LIttoral" (SEBLI, an offshoot of the [[Caisse des dépôts et consignations|CDC]]) developed the whole of Cap d'Agde, including all types of buildings. }}</ref> The [[mass plan]] decided by [[Jean Le Couteur]] is in concentric circles of the different thematic zones (housing, parking, leisure, etc.) around the port.<ref name="constructionCap">{{cite book|author=Archives Municipales d'Agde |title=2901-La construction du Cap |date=2018 |type=document |url=https://www.ville-agde.fr/la-mairie/archives-municipales/les-dossiers}} </ref> The SODEAL, the builder run by Agde, took place in 1990<!--https://www.infocapagde.com/article.php?sid=2249-->.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr |url=https://www.sodeal.fr/la-societe/ |title=SODEAL |website=(official) |quote=SODEAL is a mixed economy company (SAEML) which is a particular form of limited company in which more than half of the share capital is held by the City of Agde. The rest of the shareholders are made up of institutional or private partners.}}</ref><ref name="MRP">2012 Political/financial issues {{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.infocapagde.com/print.php?sid=2993 |title=SODEAL (Mayor Régis Passerieux 1989-2001 creator of the institution) - inventory |website=infocapagde |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> The A9 freeway was built from 1960 to 1978 serving [[Port Camargue]] to [[Argelès]].<!--http://jc34.eklablog.com/la-naissance-du-cap-d-agde-a60384773--> The mosquitoes were removed from lagoons by chemical spraying.<ref>In 1959, the General Councils of the Hérault, Gard and Bouches-du-Rhône departments, assessing the exceptional future opening up for their departments, decided to create EID Méditerranée, the {{ill|Interdepartmental agreement for mosquito control on the Mediterranean coast)|fr|Entente interdépartementale pour la démoustication du littoral méditerranéen}} [https://www.eid-med.org/ EID-Med (official)] : "In 1963, the French government created the Mission interministérielle d'aménagement touristique du littoral du Languedoc-Roussillon, known as the "Mission Racine" (after its president, Pierre Racine). Setting mosquito control as an essential prerequisite for any development initiative, the French government contributed to the financing of EID Méditerranée, alongside local authorities, until 1982, when the Mission interministérielle was dissolved. Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales then joined the other Départements within EID."</ref> In 2024 aerial and land sprays are still done. [[File:Cap d'Agde passerelle de la Flanerie au Port, arrière plan centre annexe.jpg|thumb|Built in Cap d'Agde, footbridge from the Flanerie to the Port, in the background on the left, former 1981 congress centre-theater hall, annex town hall, post-office, tourism-office.]] The urbanization mission with its architectural rules came to an end in 1983.<ref name="Cap70" >{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://fresques.ina.fr/rivages-heraultais/fiche-media/HERAUL00109/l-amenagement-du-cap-d-agde.html |title=Development of Cap d'Agde |website=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]] |date=4 September 1970 |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> [[File:Cap d'Agde - Office de tourisme01.jpg|thumb|Built from 1981 (once in the office of the former convention center), the Tourist Office was located below the tracks of the central raised roundabout of the Port of Cap d'Agde, a roundabout restored level in 2016. The Office then moved in 2024 to the new center.]] [[File:Cap d'Agde - Mail de Rochelongue02.jpg|thumb|Rochelongue's Mail built in 2000, south extension towards Grau d'Agde.]] By the 1960s, buildings were small houses typically used by locals on weekends, among which the winegrowers' lean-tos remained. Wine production has plummeted since the sea-resort was planned, and the traditional [[piquette]] is no longer an economics answer.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://levindemerde.com/|website= levindemerde.com|title=shitwine}}</ref> If in Grau there was a start of tourist activity at the beginning of the 20th century with for example permission for casino gambling in 2 places,<ref>The situation after the war : {{cite web|author=Ville d'Agde|language=fr |url=https://www.ville-agde.fr/culture-patrimoine/histoire/louis-reboul |title=Louis Reboul Maire d'Agde de 1945 à 1953 |date=2024 |website=Official |type=document |quote= The “Château-vert” and the “Pergola” are authorized to operate casino games (the municipality taking up to 10% of the turnover achieved with a minimum of 250,000 F each year).}}</ref> the cape with the exception of a winery and a farm among small lots belonging to persons there not residing, plus a temporary exploitation of salt marshes at the beginning of the century, and as forever fishing by small boats with a small home port, the cape was mostly ininhabited. At that time, the State carried out expropriations in Cap d'Agde to avoid [[land speculation]] while the general fact was the practice of illegal occupations, including on the islands.<ref name="Cap70" /> The first urban plan for Cap d'Agde was to stabilize sand with plants (pines, eucalyptus, coconuts, date palms and neriums), build dunes against wind and shore rains, and excavate a grand marina for sailing boats. The building of houses started 5 years later, with a subdivision (plat), and flats in the housing estate near the port and the shore (sea side). Numerous circular car parks have been set up for access to the beaches. They have been planted with tamarisk and pine trees.<ref name="Cap70" /> The mostly winding boulevards that connect the residences are lined with eleagnus or oleanders, as a distinct sign the middle strip is planted with large trees of a specific type. Due to the German occupation, anti-landing mines were placed on the beaches (particularly at the Mole)<!--https://www.lagathois.fr/articles/20673/herault-agde-david-mallen-raconte-dans-son-livre-la-vie-d-agde-sous-l-occupation-allemande-->.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lesresistances.france3.fr/documentaire-mcm/le-mur-de-la-mediterranee-agde|title=Mur de la méditerranée à Agde|publisher=FR3 tv chanel}}</ref> Nowadays, the Landing Memorial 1980 allows remembrance on its hill, it is the place where we have the best view of the Pyrenees in the distance and of the entire coastline between Spain and Sète. In 1976 Richelieu-Rochelongue (in the extension to the South of the marina) , but also the urbanization of Mont Saint-Martin is designed.<ref name="MPL-B RicheRoche">{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.ville-agde.fr/culture-patrimoine/histoire/pierre-leroy-beaulieu |title=Mayor Pierre Leroy-Baulieu 1971-1989 |website=ville d'Agde (official) |quote= In 1976 Richelieu-Rochelongue -in the extension to the South of the marina-, but also the urbanization of Mont Saint-Martin, begins with the development of a mandatory Concerted Development Zone to define the development of these 200 hectares planned to accommodate 20,000 beds. <br>In fact, this perimeter includes “the Rochelongue earthworks for which no agreement has yet been reached regarding the development modalities, between the municipality, the owners concerned and the [[Mission Racine|Interministerial Mission]]”. <br>This 3rd tranche in 1980 is the project presented for the Richelieu zone. 12,877 beds are planned on 12 hectares, 10,800 m² of commercial space, a nautical complex and a body of water where Aqualand will be installed in 1984, widened and extended beaches of green spaces, a green break of 9 hectares. A minimum surface area 25 m² is defined for housing, with each housing program having to include a maximum of 33% small ones. <br>The action of the [[Mission Racine|Interministerial Mission]] ended on December 31, 1982. That of the SEBLI officially ended on April 30, 1983, but the city renewed the SEBLI in its mission on an annual basis, because Cap d'Agde was not completed.}}</ref> And if the last vineyard of Bagnas is now very small below Château Maraval<ref name="CCamps3-4" /> with the Meyer distillery in ruins, walking in is a planned tourist-office leisure nowadays; This "Wine tourism" has been in full development for several years. The main tourist festival is in the 21st century the Vinocap trade show.<ref>Vine mainly from the Hérault region, plus a few from Bordeaux (2024 15th edition) {{cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=Vinocap |url=https://www.vinocap.fr/ |website=vinocap.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Cars and motorcycle are the folkloric elements for the summer. Bikers with their motorcycles are blessed in a ceremony by a priest in the central plaza.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2023/09/03/messe-et-benediction-des-motos-pour-la-derniere-journee-des-brescoudos-au-cap-dagde-11429906.php |title=Bénédiction des motos|website=[[Midi Libre]]}}</ref> [[File:Agde Cap d'Agde Centre International de Tennis Pôle médical IMG 1819.jpg|thumb|left|Cap d'Agde International Tennis Centre, Medical Centre 2023.]] [[File:Cap d'Agde convention center France (Hervé Di Rosa frieze on pedestrian walkways).jpg|thumb|right|The new Palais des congrès [[Hervé Di Rosa]], its belvedere, next to the bubble of the Tourist Office, 2019.]] Streets are labyrinthine in the 1960s' urban plan, shaped with numerous central parking places serving points of interest.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.herault-tribune.com/articles/le-cap-dagde-bientot-50-ans-et-une-evolution-permanente-afin-de-garder-son-rayonnement-international/ |title=évolution urbaine, Herault tribune}}</ref> After Lano set up, between Le Môle beach and the Memorial cape, the urbanization of the 1980s took place, (in 1983 Thalacap, a thalassotherapy institute opened in a hotel -it disappeared in 2006-).<ref name="Didier Denestebe" /> On the 2000s' a new Cap d'Agde center was designed, with no more "Mediterranean style" as defined in the "Mission Racine", but the "[[International Style]]" with a new street Rambla style.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.ville-agde.fr/actualites/economie/actualites/iconic-un-nouveau-coeur-de-station-pour-le-cap-d-agde |title=The new Cap d'Agde center : Iconic |website=[[Agde]] |quote=.}}</ref> And this appears in new Congress Palace and the Casino Barrière facades with their rhythmic perforated metal facades;<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.groupebarriere.com/fr/notre-actualite/communiques-de-presse/nouveau-casino-cap-d-agde.html |title=The new Casino Barrière Cap d'Agde |website=[[Groupe Lucien Barrière]] |quote=Nearly 17 million were invested by the city for the construction of the new Palais des Congrès and 4 million for the casino, operated by Barrière, and owned by the municipality.}}</ref> To improve the value of the city with the aim of attracting more prosperous people to live there.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=D'Ettore |first=Gilles |date=February 2024 |title= Agde le MAG|magazine=Official municipal news magazine |issue=122 |page=10|quote=Creation of a 100-room, 4-star hotel close to the Palais des Congrès to « attract a clientele with high purchasing power ».}}</ref><ref name="golf2013" /><ref name="camps2022" /> Golf (2013)<ref name="golf2013" /> and municipal campsites (2022) change management providers.<ref name="camps2022">The town managers hopes for positive economic benefits after the Covid disaster in 2019.{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.herault-tribune.com/articles/agde-quel-avenir-pour-les-campings-municipaux-du-cap-dagde-et-de-la-tamarissiere/ |title=AGDE - What future for the municipal campsites of Cap d'Agde and Tamarissière? |website=Hérault-tribune |date=13 October 2020}}</ref> On the 4 main beaches, lifeguards are on duty at several stations, during summer most of the day. {{clear}}
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