Editing Cape Coloureds (section)

== Demographics ==
Although [[Coloureds]] represent only 8.15% of people within [[South Africa]], they make up 42.1% of the population in the [[Western Cape]], representing a plurality of the population of the province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL RELEASE P0301.4 Census 2022 |url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf |website=census.statssa.gov.za}}</ref>  (according to the [[2022 South African census]])
[[File:Colin speaks Afrikaans.webm|thumb|A Coloured man from Cape Town speaking Afrikaans]]

They are generally bilingual, speaking [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]], though some speak only one of these. Some Cape Coloureds may [[code-switching|code switch]],<ref name="Stell2010">{{cite journal|last1=Stell|first1=Gerald|title=Ethnicity in linguistic variation|journal=Pragmatics|volume=20|issue=3|year=2010|pages=425–447|issn=1018-2101|doi=10.1075/prag.20.3.06ste|doi-access=free}}</ref> speaking a [[patois]] of Afrikaans and English called [[Kaaps|Afrikaaps]], also known as Cape Slang (Capy) or {{lang|af|Kombuis Afrikaans}}, meaning Kitchen Afrikaans. Cape Coloureds were classified under [[apartheid]] as a subset of the larger [[Coloureds|Coloured]] race group.

[[File:Barplots of ancestry proportions South African Coloured population estimated using genome-wide data.png|250px|thumb|A genetic clustering of South African Coloured and five source populations.<ref name="CalafellDaya2013">{{cite journal|last1=Calafell|first1=Francesc|last2=Daya|first2=Michelle|last3=van der Merwe|first3=Lize|last4=Galal|first4=Ushma|last5=Möller|first5=Marlo|last6=Salie|first6=Muneeb|last7=Chimusa|first7=Emile R.|last8=Galanter|first8=Joshua M.|last9=van Helden|first9=Paul D.|last10=Henn|first10=Brenna M.|last11=Gignoux|first11=Chris R.|last12=Hoal|first12=Eileen|title=A Panel of Ancestry Informative Markers for the Complex Five-Way Admixed South African Coloured Population|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=12|year=2013|pages=e82224|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0082224|pmid=24376522|pmc=3869660|bibcode=2013PLoSO...882224D|doi-access=free}}</ref> Each vertical bar represents individual.]]

Recent studies of Cape Coloureds using genetic testing have found ancestry to vary by region. Khoe-San ancestry is higher in inland regions and towards the North into present-day Northern Cape.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.13.598620 | doi=10.1101/2024.06.13.598620 | title=Wide-scale Geographical Analysis of Genetic Ancestry in the South African Coloured Population | date=2024 | last1=Lankheet | first1=Imke | last2=Hammarén | first2=Rickard | last3=Caballero | first3=Lucía Ximena Alva | last4=Larena | first4=Maximilian | last5=Malmström | first5=Helena | last6=Jolly | first6=Cecile | last7=Soodyall | first7=Himla | last8=De Jongh | first8=Michael | last9=Schlebusch | first9=Carina }}</ref> Although it is prevalent throughout the Cape, the partial Bantu-Speaking ancestry (most predominantly [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]]) gets higher going Eastwards into present-day Eastern Cape. The European-related ancestry is highest along the coast. In Cape Town and the rest of the Western Cape province, the partial Asian ancestry is high and diverse due to the arrival of Asian and African slaves that mixed with Europeans (colonists, immigrants, tourists) and existing mixed race (Khoisan-European) which formed the modern day Cape Coloureds and Cape Malay due to the creolisation of all those populations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/How-the-Asian-Slave-Trade-Influenced-DNA-in-South-Africa?language=en_US | title=AncestrySupport }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Books/Books-Author-highlights-Asian-slavery-at-Cape-of-Good-Hope# | title=Books: Author highlights Asian slavery at Cape of Good Hope }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://camissamuseum.co.za/index.php/7-tributaries/2-african-asian-enslaved-peoples/anna-van-bengale | title=Anna van Bengale - Camissa Museum }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.camissamuseum.co.za/index.php/7-tributaries/2-african-asian-enslaved-peoples | title=2: African & Asian Enslaved Peoples - Camissa Museum }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/7855963 | title=The Passenger Indian as Worker: Indian Immigrants in Cape Town in the Early Twentieth Century | work=African Studies | date=2009 | volume=68 | issue=1 | page=111 | last1=Dhupelia-Mesthrie | first1=Uma }}</ref> At least 4 genetic studies indicate that the average Cape Coloured has an ancestry consisting of the following, with large variation between individuals:<ref>{{Citation |last1=Carter |first1=R. Colin |title=Genetic admixture predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in the South African Cape Coloured population |date=2024-04-01 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.31.24305130v2 |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2024.03.31.24305130 |pmc=11023663 |pmid=38633769 |last2=Yang |first2=Zikun |last3=Akkaya-Hocagil |first3=Tugba |last4=Jacobson |first4=Sandra W. |last5=Jacobson |first5=Joseph L. |last6=Dodge |first6=Neil C. |last7=Hoyme |first7=H. Eugene |last8=Zeisel |first8=Steven H. |last9=Meintjes |first9=Ernesta M.|work=medRxiv }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |last2=Petersen |first2=Lindsay N |last3=Kachambwa |first3=Paidamoyo |last4=Lachance |first4=Joseph |date=2023-04-06 |editor-last=Eyre-Walker |editor-first=Adam |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=10118306 |pmid=36987563}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Lankheet |first1=Imke |title=Wide-scale Geographical Analysis of Genetic Ancestry in the South African Coloured Population |date=2024-06-14 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598620v1 |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2024.06.13.598620 |last2=Hammarén |first2=Rickard |last3=Caballero |first3=Lucía Ximena Alva |last4=Larena |first4=Maximilian |last5=Malmström |first5=Helena |last6=Jolly |first6=Cecile |last7=Soodyall |first7=Himla |last8=Jongh |first8=Michael de |last9=Schlebusch |first9=Carina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Desiree C. |last2=Libiger |first2=Ondrej |last3=Tindall |first3=Elizabeth A. |last4=Hardie |first4=Rae-Anne |last5=Hannick |first5=Linda I. |last6=Glashoff |first6=Richard H. |last7=Mukerji |first7=Mitali |last8=Indian Genome Variation Consortium |last9=Fernandez |first9=Pedro |last10=Haacke |first10=Wilfrid |last11=Schork |first11=Nicholas J. |last12=Hayes |first12=Vanessa M. |date=2013-03-14 |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Scott M. |title=Complex Patterns of Genomic Admixture within Southern Africa |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e1003309 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003309 |doi-access=free |pmid=23516368 |pmc=3597481 |issn=1553-7404}}</ref>
* [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan-speaking Africans]]: ~25.3%
* [[Bantu peoples|Bantu-speaking Africans]]: ~15.5%
* [[Demographics of Europe|Ethnic groups in Europe]]: ~39.3%
* [[Asian people]]s: ~19.9%

Below are the approximate ranges for each ancestral component based on genetic studies and historical accounts:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are the Cape Coloureds of South Africa? |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/who-are-the-cape-coloureds-of-south-africa |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Discover Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

* '''[[African people|African Ancestry]]:''' Range: ~ 30-68%
* '''[[Demographics of Europe|European Ancestry]]:''' Range: ~ 20-70%
* '''[[Asian people|Asian Ancestry]]:''' Range: ~ 20-40%
* '''[[Middle Eastern|Middle Eastern Ancestry]]:''' Range: ~ 5-15%

Please note that this is not an exhaustive list, and individual results may vary. The ancestry of Cape Coloureds can be diverse and complex.

The genetic reference cluster term "Khoisan" itself refers to a colonially admixed population cluster, hence the concatenation, and is not a straightforward reference to ancient African pastoralist and hunter ancestry, which is often demarcated by the L0 haplogroup ancestry common in the general South African native population, which is also integral part of other aboriginal genetic reference cluster terms like "South-East African Bantu".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barbieri |first1=Chiara |last2=Vicente |first2=Mário |last3=Rocha |first3=Jorge |last4=Mpoloka |first4=Sununguko W. |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |last6=Pakendorf |first6=Brigitte |date=2013-02-07 |title=Ancient Substructure in Early mtDNA Lineages of Southern Africa |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.010 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=3567273 |pmid=23332919}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
A separate Dutch Reformed Church, the ''Dutch Reformed Mission Church'' (DRMC), was formed in 1881 to serve the Cape Coloured Calvinist population separately from the [[Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)]]. It was merged in 1994 with the ''[[Dutch Reformed Church in Africa]]'' (DRCA, formed 1963) to form the [[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Success in the spread of Catholicism among Afrikaans speakers, including Coloured communities, remained minimal until the death throes of [[Apartheid]] during the mid to late 1980s. As Catholic texts began to be translated into Afrikaans, sympathetic [[Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa|Dutch Reformed]] pastors, who were defying the traditional [[anti-Catholicism]] of their Church, assisted in correcting linguistic errors. By 1996, the majority of Afrikaans-speaking Catholics came from the [[Coloured]] community, with a smaller number of [[Afrikaner]] converts, most of whom were from professional backgrounds.<ref>[https://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=2943 Afrikaans-Speaking Catholics in the Rainbow Republic], [[Catholic World News]], 14 November 1996.</ref>

[[Sunni Islam]] remains in practice among [[Cape Malays]], who were generally regarded as a separate ethnoreligious group under apartheid.