Editing Cape Corps (section)

==History==

As one of the military units of South Africa with one of the longest histories, the Cape Corps reflects the history of South Africa's Coloured population to a great extent.

=== Pre-history ===

==== 1770s ====

In the 1770s, the Dutch authorities established the first Coloured military unit, the Free Corps. The unit consisted solely of Coloured recruits and no white people were allowed to join except as officers, marking the beginning of racially segregated units in the [[military history of South Africa]].<ref name="Pretorius" />{{rp|51}}

==== 1781–1782 ====

The second Coloured unit to be formed was the Bastard Hottentot Corps ([[Afrikaans]]: "Corps Bastaard Hottentoten"), which was organised in 1781 by the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch colonial administration]] of the time.<ref name="Pretorius">{{cite book | title=A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day | publisher=Protea Book House | author=Pretorius, Fransjohan | year=2014 | location=Hatsfield, Pretoria | isbn=978-1-86919-908-1}}</ref>{{rp|51}} Based in [[Cape Town]] and drawing its members from men of mixed Hottentot and White ancestry, this unit had about 400 members under the command of Hendrik Eksteen and Gerrit Munnik.<ref name="Pretorius" />{{rp|51}} The unit was disbanded in 1782 when French mercenaries arrived in the Cape.

==== 1793–1806 ====
[[File:Soldier no. 1 of the Hottentot Corps called an Africander viz born of a Hottentot mother and an African father.tif|thumb|A 1797 illustration of a soldier of the Hottenten Corps by [[Lady Anne Barnard]].]]

In 1793 this unit was re-formed in Cape Town as the [[Pandour Corps]] with 200 men under the command of Captain Jan Cloete, only to be disbanded again in 1795.<ref name=Pretorius/>{{rp|52}}

The unit was re-formed again under the [[Cape Colony|new British colonial administration]] in May 1796, this time under the name ''Hottentot Corps''. It was headquartered in [[Wynberg, Cape Town|Wynberg]] and consisted of about 300 men. In 1798 the headquarters were moved to [[Hout Bay]].

On 25 June 1801 the ''Cape Regiment'' was formed. It was organised as a [[British Empire|British imperial]] [[regiment]] of ten [[Company (military)|companies]] and retained all the personnel of the ''Hottentot Corps''.

With the Dutch taking over colonial administration of the Cape once again, the ''Corps Vrye Hottentotten'' ("Corps of Free Hottentots") was formed on 21 February 1803. It was later renamed the ''Hottentot Ligte Infanterie'' ("Hottentot Light Infantry") and saw action against the British expeditionary force to capture the Cape colony from the French allied [[Batavian Republic]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] at the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]].

=== Formation and early history ===

==== Formation: 1806-1814 ====
When the British returned to the Cape following the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]] in 1806 the Dutch ''Hottentot Ligte Infanterie'' was disbanded and reformed as ''The Cape Regiment'' in October 1806 a British [[line regiment]]. Major John Graham was transferred from the [[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|93rd regiment of foot]] to lead the newly formed ''Cape Regiment''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=South African Military History Society - Journal - Artillery Buildings in Algoa Bay |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol134ws.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=samilitaryhistory.org}}</ref> Headquartered in Cape Town, initially based at Rietvlei, it was organised as a typical colonial unit with British officers and Coloured other ranks. In later years, the Regiment also had a troop of light [[cavalry]] added.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South African Military History Society - Journal - The Khoekhoe soldier at the Cape of Good Hope |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol123vm.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=samilitaryhistory.org}}</ref> Following the [[Congress of Vienna]] and the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 the Dutch Cape Colony was formally transferred to the British as the [[Cape Colony|British Cape Colony]].

==== Cape Colony: 1814-1870 ====
On 24 September 1817 the Regiment was reduced in size (a previous order to completely disband having either been ignored or rescinded) to two small units of about 200 men for the defence of the Cape Colony's eastern frontier. The two units were named the ''Cape Cavalry'' (consisting of one troop of [[dragoon]]s) and the ''Cape Light Infantry''. [[Mathew Richmond]], coming from the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military College]], joined them in 1817.<ref name="Te Ara Richmond">{{cite book | title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |orig-year=1966 |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/richmond-mathew-cb/1 | editor=A. H. McLintock | access-date= 11 April 2012 | chapter= RICHMOND, Mathew, C.B. | date= 23 April 2009 }}</ref>

In 1820 these two units were again combined under a unified command and renamed the Cape Corps. The ''Cape Mounted Riflemen (Imperial)'' were formed on 25 November 1827; the Corps was reorganised as [[battalion]] of [[mounted infantry]].

In 1850 some soldiers effectively mutinied by joining Coloured rebellion in the [[eastern Cape]]; the regiment was subsequently reconstituted as mixed unit with both White and Coloured members. Some years later, in 1854, the recruitment of Coloured members for the battalion was completely halted.

The battalion was completely disbanded in 1870 when military service was abolished for Coloureds, although its name and traditions were appropriated in 1878 by another (all-White) ''Cape Mounted Riflemen''.

=== Twentieth century ===

==== World War I: 1915–1918 ====
As part of South Africa's efforts for [[World War I]], the ''Cape Corps'' was re-formed in the [[Cape Province]] by [[Sir Walter Stanford]], as a single battalion in December 1915 as part of the Union Defence Force. In 1916 the Corps was expanded and a second battalion raised. The original battalion was redesignated the ''1st Battalion'' and the new unit (which was disbanded in 1918) as the ''2nd Battalion''.

==== World War II: 1940–1950 ====
[[File:6SADiv Auxiliary Corps driver Bologna 1944.jpg|thumb|Driver of the Cape Corps assigned to the South African 6th Armoured Division outside Bologne, Italy 1944.]]
In order to provide additional troops for South Africa's participation in [[World War II]], the ''Cape Corps'' was reconstituted again on 8 May 1940, partly from the Association of the 1915-1918 Corps.

This unit was assigned the role of a non-combatant service corps with a pioneer battalion and five motor transport companies. It was later expanded to include several motorised infantry battalions, infantry battalions, [[prisoner of war]] (POW) guard battalions and POW escort battalions. At its peak strength, the Corps had about 23,000 members. On 13 October 1942 the Corps absorbed the South African ''Indian and Malay Corps'' but was disbanded at the end of hostilities in 1945.

In 1947 the ''Cape Corps'' was reconstituted as a Permanent Force Coloured service corps only to be disbanded in 1950 by the newly elected [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]], which abolished military service for Coloureds.

==== Apartheid era: 1963–1991 ====
The ''Cape Corps'' was reformed again in 1963, as a non-combatant Coloured service corps; it was considered to be the successor to all the previous Coloured and Cape Corps units since 1796. The Corps was designated a Permanent Force unit of the [[South African Defence Force]] in 1972.

In 1973 the unit was renamed the ''South African Cape Corps Service Battalion''. When the South African Defence Act was amended in 1975 to give Coloureds "equivalent status to whites" in the [[South African Army]], the battalion was renamed the ''South African Cape Corps Battalion'', its combatant status was restored and the first Coloured officers were commissioned.

During the period 1979 to 1989 the ''South African Cape Corps'' (SACC) was substantially expanded:
* The SACC Maintenance Unit was formed in 1979 from some of the members of the original service battalion.
* The original combat battalion was renamed 1st Battalion when the 2nd Battalion was raised in December 1984.
* The 3rd Battalion was raised in [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]] in 1989.
* The SACC School and SACC School for Junior Leaders were founded.

In 1990 the SACC was reduced to a single battalion and redesignated [[9 South African Infantry Battalion]] which was reroled as a seaborne [[light infantry]] unit.
Currently, as a result of the post-1994 transformation of South Africa, Coloured soldiers, sailors and airmen serve alongside their fellow South Africans in a fully integrated [[South African National Defence Force]].
[[File:SADF era Cape Regiment insignia ver 2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|SADF era Cape Regiment insignia circa 1980s]]