Editing Cardiac tamponade (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
Onset may be rapid (acute) or more gradual (subacute).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Stashko|first1=Eric|title=Cardiac Tamponade|date=2019|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431090/|work=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=28613742|access-date=2019-08-02|last2=Meer|first2=Jehangir M.}}</ref><ref name=Ri2014/> Signs of cardiac tamponade typically include those of [[cardiogenic shock]] including [[shortness of breath]], weakness, [[lightheadedness]], cough<ref name=Spod2003/> and those of [[Beck's triad (cardiology)|Beck's triad]] e.g. jugular vein distention, quiet heart sounds and [[hypotension]]. Other symptoms may relate to the underlying cause.<ref name=Spod2003/>

Other general signs of shock (such as [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], [[Dyspnea|shortness of breath]] and decreasing [[Glasgow coma scale|level of consciousness]]) may also occur. However, some of these signs may not be present in certain cases. A fast heart rate, although expected, may be absent in people with [[uremia]] and [[hypothyroidism]].<ref name="Spod2003" />

According to Reddy and co-authors, cardiac tamponade and its progression can be described in 3 different phases.<ref name=":2">Reddy PS, Curtiss EI, Uretsky BF. Spectrum of hemodynamic changes in cardiac tamponade. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Dec 15;66(20):1487-91. {{doi|10.1016/0002-9149(90)90540-h}}. {{PMID|2251997}}.</ref> In phase I, the required filling pressure increases due to the high stiffness of the ventricles. This is because of the accumulation of pericardial fluid in the pericardial cavity. During phase II, the pericardial pressure exceeds the ventricular filling pressure caused by the further accumulation of pericardial fluid. This results in a decrease in cardiac input and output. A further decrease of cardiac input and output is typical in phase III of the progression of cardiac tamponade. This is caused by the equilibration of left ventricular filling and pericardial pressure, leading to “severe deterioration of end-organ perfusion.”<ref name=":2" /> Some of the symptoms, as a consequence, include abdominal pain due to liver engorgement.