Editing Carl Levin (section)

==Early life, education, and career==
Levin was born in [[Detroit]], the son of [[Judaism|Jewish]] parents, Bess Rachel (née Levinson) and Saul R. Levin. Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130308/NEWS15/303080151/U-S-Sen-Carl-Levin-won-t-run-for-seventh-term | title =U.S. Sen. Carl Levin won't run for seventh term | author =Todd Spangler | newspaper =[[Detroit Free Press]] | date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVQfAQAAMAAJ&q=Bess+Rachel+Levinson+levin|title=Who's who in Government|date=November 1, 1977|publisher=Marquis Who's Who.|isbn=9780837912035|via=Google Books}}</ref> Levin graduated from [[Central High School (Detroit)|Detroit Central High School]] in 1952 and attended [[Swarthmore College]]. He graduated with his [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[political science]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/sen-carl-levins-decision-opens-seat-in-2014/|title=Sen. Carl Levin's decision opens seat in 2014 |author=Ken Thomas |publisher=Associated Press|work=Seattle Times|date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=August 13, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mike Householder, Corey Williams and David Eggert|agency=Associated Press|title=Carl Levin, Michigan's longest-serving senator, dies at 87|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/2414781/carl-levin-michigans-longest-serving-senator-dies-at-87.html|access-date=August 2, 2021|website=www.abqjournal.com|date=July 30, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> During his student summers he worked as a taxi driver and on an auto factory line.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 8, 2013|title=Race for Carl Levin's seat wide open after his decision not to run|url=http://www.annarbor.com/news/who-will-succeed-carl-levin-in-senate-race-for-his-seat-wide-open/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313092036/http://www.annarbor.com/news/who-will-succeed-carl-levin-in-senate-race-for-his-seat-wide-open/|archive-date=March 13, 2013|publisher=[[AnnArbor.com]]|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> He then attended [[Harvard Law School]], where he earned his [[Juris Doctor]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/mitchelloralhistory/93/ | title =Interview with Carl Levin by Brien Williams | journal =George J. Mitchell Oral History Project | author =Bowdoin College | publisher=digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu | date =March 13, 2013| author-link =Bowdoin College }}</ref> He also received an honorary degree from Swarthmore College in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/past-commencements/past-speakers-and-honorary-degree-recipients | title=Past Speakers and Honorary Degree Recipients| date=July 8, 2014}}</ref> as well as honorary degrees from [[Michigan State University]] in 2004, [[Wayne State University]] in 2005, and [[Michigan Technological University]] in 2008.<ref name=sengovbio>{{cite web|url=http://levin.senate.gov/about/ |title=Carl Levin — U.S. Senator from Michigan |publisher=Levin.senate.gov |access-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095753/http://levin.senate.gov/about/ |archive-date=May 27, 2010 }}</ref>

After earning his Juris Doctor, Levin was admitted to the [[State Bar of Michigan]]. He entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the [[University of Detroit Mercy]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOgCthdaJqIC&q=carl+levin+taught+law+wayne+state&pg=PA207 | title =Historical Encyclopedia of United States Independent Counsel Investigations | publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | author =Gerald S. Greenberg | access-date =March 14, 2013| isbn =9780313307355 | year =2000 }}</ref> Levin served as General Counsel for the Michigan [[civil rights|Civil Rights]] Commission from 1964 to 1967, where he helped form the Detroit Public Defender's Office and led the Appellate Division of that office, which has become the State Appellate Defender's Office.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalsummit.org/speaker-levin | title =THE HONORABLE CARL M. LEVIN U.S. Senator State of Michigan | publisher=nationalsummit.org | date =March 14, 2013}}</ref> He served as a special assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan and chief appellate defender for the city of Detroit from 1968 to 1969.<ref name="his life and career"/>

===Detroit City Council===

Levin was elected to the [[Detroit City Council]] (known then as the Detroit Common Council) in 1969, serving two four-year terms from 1970 to 1977.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/07/3272793/levin-will-not-seek-re-election.html | title =Sen. Carl Levin's decision opens seat in 2014 | author =Ken Thomas | publisher=[[Miami Herald]] | date =March 7, 2013}}</ref> Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his entire second term, until the end of his tenure.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/politics/article/Sen-Carl-Levin-s-decision-opens-seat-in-2014-4338438.php | title =Sen. Carl Levin's decision opens seat in 2014 | author =San Francisco Chronicle | newspaper =sfgate.com | date =March 8, 2013| author-link =San Francisco Chronicle }}</ref> During his time as council president, Levin became so frustrated with the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's]] handling of repossessed houses in Detroit (leading neighborhoods to suffer from significant [[urban decay]]), that he and other members of the council, went out with a bulldozer "to help raze some of the houses."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA342 |title=The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members |publisher=Scarecrow Press |author=Kurt F. Stone |location=Plymouth UK |date=2011 |page=342|isbn=9780810877382 }}</ref> He was close to [[Mayor of Detroit, Michigan|Detroit Mayor]] [[Coleman Young]], the city's first [[African-American]] Mayor, and was described by ''[[Forbes]]'' as Mayor Young's "right hand man."<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/13/detroit-betrayed-the-radical-wrecking-of-an-iconic-city/ | title =Detroit Betrayed: The Radical Wrecking Of An Iconic City | author =Spyridon Mitsotakis | magazine =forbes.com | date =January 13, 2013}}</ref> During his time on the City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the general counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer, from 1978 to 1979.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDIR-2011-12-01/html/CDIR-2011-12-01-MI.htm | title =Congressional Directory for the 112th Congress (2011–2012), December 2011. | author =United States Government Printing Office | website=gpo.gov | date =March 15, 2013| author-link =United States Government Printing Office }}</ref>