Editing Carl Neumann (section)

== Biography ==
Carl Gottfried Neumann was born in [[Königsberg]], [[Province of Prussia|Prussia]], as one of the four children of the mineralogist, physicist and mathematician [[Franz Ernst Neumann]] (1798–1895), who was professor of mineralogy and physics at the [[University of Königsberg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schlote |first=Karl-Heinz |date=2004 |title=Carl Neumann?s Contributions to Electrodynamics |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00016-003-0192-9 |journal=Physics in Perspective |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=252–270 |doi=10.1007/s00016-003-0192-9 |bibcode=2004PhP.....6..252S |issn=1422-6944}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Carl Neumann - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Neumann_Carl/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> His mother Luise Florentine Hagen (born 1800) was the sister-in-law of mathematician [[Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel]].<ref name=":1" /> Carl Neumann is brother of [[Ernst Christian Neumann]], a German physician.<ref name=":1" />

Carl Neumann studied primary, secondary and university studies in Königsberg.<ref name=":0" /> He attended many physics and mathematics seminars organized by his father, including a famous seminar by [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]] of 1834.<ref name=":0" /> His doctoral thesis of 1856 was supervised by mathematician [[Friedrich Julius Richelot]] and focused on the application of the theory of [[Differential of the first kind|hyperelliptic integrals]] to classical mechanics.<ref name=":0" />

Two years later, he wrote his [[habilitation]] in the [[Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg|University Halle]] on the mathematical treatment of the [[Faraday effect]], supervised by mathematician [[Eduard Heine]].<ref name=":0" /> This work earned him the position of lecturer (''[[Privatdozent]]'') and in 1863 was appointed as extraordinary (''ausserordentlicher'') professor at the University of Halle.<ref name=":0" /> The same year he was promoted to full professorship at the [[University of Basel]] where he stayed for two years.<ref name=":0" /> He then was appointed professor at the [[University of Tübingen]] for three years, and in 1868 to the [[Leipzig University]].<ref name=":0" /> The same year, together with [[Alfred Clebsch]], Neumann founded the mathematical research journal ''[[Mathematische Annalen]]''.<ref name=":1" />

In Leipzig, he became acquainted with Jacobi's work on mechanics, which inspired his work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />  [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]] described Neumann's professorship at Leipzig as for "higher mechanics, which essentially encompasses mathematical physics," and his lectures did so.<ref>[[Christa Jungnickel]], [[Russell McCormmach]], ''[[Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein]]'' (1990) Vol. 1. p. 181.</ref>  

Neumann's wife died in 1876 and Neumann retired from the Leipzig University in 1911.<ref name=":1" /> He died in Leipzig in 1925.<ref name=":1" />