Editing Carnuntum (section)

==History==
===Military history===
Carnuntum first occurs in history during the reign of [[Augustus]] (6 AD), when [[Tiberius]] made it his base of operations as a Roman fort ({{lang|la|[[castrum]]}}) in the campaigns against [[Maroboduus]] (Marbod).<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Carnuntum|volume=5|page=378}}</ref>

====Legio XV {{lang|la|Apollinaris}}====
Significant Romanisation happened when the town was selected as the garrison of the [[Legio XV Apollinaris|Legio XV {{lang|la|nocat=y|Apollinaris}}]] before 14 AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-xv-apollinaris/ |title=Legio XV Apollinaris – Livius |website=Livius.org |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064519/http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-xv-apollinaris/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A few years later, it became the centre of the Roman fortifications along the [[Danube]] from [[Vindobona]] (now [[Vienna]]) to [[Brigetio]] ([[Szőny|Ó-Szőny]]).<ref name="EB1911"/> According to [[Tacitus]],<ref>Tacitus, ''Annals'', XII, 29.2</ref> the emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the governor of Pannonia "to have a legion with an [[auxilia]]ry on the bank of the Danube" to protect the losers of a dispute between [[Germania|Germanic]] tribes (the [[Quadi]] and [[Marcomanni]]) and deter the victors from the temptation to invade Pannonia. To this period (about 50&nbsp;AD) belongs the auxiliary {{lang|la|castrum}} of a cavalry [[Ala (Roman cavalry unit)|{{lang|la|nocat=y|ala}}]] 1.5&nbsp;km south-west of the legionary fortress.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jenő |last=Fitz |chapter=The Danubian Provinces |title=History of the Greeks and Romans, Volume 16: The Principles of Rome, from Augustus to Alexander Severus |location=Milan |date=2008 |page=495}}</ref>

In 71&nbsp;AD, after several campaigns, the Legio XV ''Apollinaris'' returned to Carnuntum and rebuilt its fortress. While some of the legion fought in [[Trajan's Dacian Wars]], the main body of the legion remained in Pannonia.

====Legio X {{lang|la|Gemina}}====
[[Legio X Gemina|Legio&nbsp;X {{lang|la|nocat=y|Gemina}}]] was sent to Carnuntum for a few years from about 63&nbsp;AD.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-x-gemina/ |title=Legio X Gemina - Livius |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820205115/https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-x-gemina/ |archive-date=20 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the brief reign of [[Galba]] (68–69), it was transferred back to Hispania.

====Legio VII {{lang|la|Gemina}}====
[[Legio VII Gemina|Legio VII {{lang|la|nocat=y|Gemina}}]], newly founded by [[Galba]] in 68&nbsp;AD, was allocated to Carnuntum until about 71 AD after his defeat by [[Vespasian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vii-gemina/? |title=Legio VII Gemina – Livius |website=Livius.org |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227085131/http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vii-gemina/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Legio XIV {{lang|la|Gemina}}====
In 117–118 AD,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-xiiii-gemina/ |title=Legio XIIII Gemina – Livius |website=Livius.org |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116064334/https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-xiiii-gemina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Carnuntum became the permanent quarters of [[Legio XIV Gemina|Legio&nbsp;XIV {{lang|la|nocat=y|Gemina}}]] where it stayed for three centuries until the frontier collapsed in 430.

===History of the city===
In Roman times, Carnuntum had a history as a major trading centre for [[amber]], brought from the north to traders who sold it in [[Italy]]; the main arm of the [[Amber Road]] crossed the Danube at Carnuntum.

As {{lang|la|italics=no|Aelium Carnuntum}}, the capital of [[Pannonia Superior]], it was made a {{lang|la|[[municipium]]}} by Hadrian. Its importance is indicated by the fact that [[Marcus Aurelius]] resided there for three years (172–175) during the war against the [[Marcomanni]], and wrote part of his ''[[Meditations]]'' there. Also [[Septimius Severus]], at the time governor of Pannonia, was proclaimed emperor there by his soldiers (193),<ref name="EB1911"/> to replace Emperor [[Pertinax]], who had been murdered.

In the [[Severan dynasty]] (193–235), Carnuntum experienced an economic boom, the {{lang|la|canabae}} reaching their maximum size. [[Caracalla]] elevated it to {{lang|la|[[Colonia (Roman)|colony]]}} status as {{lang|la|italic=no|Septimia Colonia Aurelia Antoniana.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jenő |last=Fitz |title=The Great Age of Pannonia |location=Budapest |date=1982 |page=14}}</ref> During the reign of [[Gallienus]], the Pannonians rebelled by electing the usurper [[Regalianus]], who established a mint with coins depicted him and his wife Sulpicia Dryantilla}}. He was killed shortly afterwards by his own soldiers, probably at Carnuntum.<ref>{{cite book |first1=J. |last1=Morris |first2=A. H. M. |last2=Jones |first3=J. R. |last3=Martindale |title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1992 |page=273 |isbn=0521072336}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=de |first1=Hildegard |last1=Temporini |first2=Wolfgang |last2=Haase |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang römischen der Welt |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=852 |isbn=3110049716}}</ref>

In 308, during the [[Civil wars of the Tetrarchy]], the Emperor emeritus [[Diocletian]] chaired a historic meeting there, the [[Conference of Carnuntum]], with his co-emperors [[Maximian]] and [[Galerius]], to solve the rising tensions within the [[tetrarchy]].<ref>Zosimus, ''New History'', II, 10, 4</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Santo |last=Mazzarino |title=The Roman Empire |location=Rome |publisher=Bari |date=1973 |volume=II |page=598}}</ref>

Around 350 Carnuntum suffered severe earthquake damage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Decker |first1=Kurt |last2=Gangl |first2=Georg |last3=Kandler |first3=Manfred |date=1 October 2006 |title=The earthquake of Carnuntum in the fourth century a.d. – archaeological results, seismologic scenario and seismotectonic implications for the Vienna Basin fault, Austria |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-006-9032-0 |journal=Journal of Seismology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=479–495 |doi=10.1007/s10950-006-9032-0 |bibcode=2006JSeis..10..479D |issn=1573-157X |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409144158/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10950-006-9032-0 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 374, it was destroyed by Germanic invaders, the [[Quadi]] and [[Iazyges]]. Although partly restored by [[Valentinian I]],<ref>Ammianus, ''Stories'', XXX, 5.2</ref> it never regained its former importance, and [[Vindobona]] became the chief military centre.<ref name="EB1911"/> During the [[Barbarian Invasions]], Carnuntum was eventually abandoned and used as a cemetery and source of building material for building projects elsewhere. Eventually, its remains became buried and forgotten.
[[File:Claudio 41 - 54dC jpg.jpg|thumb|400px|Map of Roman legions in 50&nbsp;AD: Legio&nbsp;XV {{lang|la|Apollinaris}} at Carnuntum]]