Editing Catamaran (section)

== History ==
[[File:Succession of forms in the development of the Austronesian boat.png|thumb|Succession of forms in the development of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] boat (Mahdi, 1999)]]
Catamarans from [[Oceania]] and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] became the inspiration for modern catamarans. Until the 20th century catamaran development focused primarily on sail-driven concepts.

=== Etymology ===
{{See also|Kattumaram}}
The word "catamaran" is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word, ''[[kattumaram]]'' (கட்டுமரம்), which means "logs bound together" and is a type of single-hulled raft made of three to seven tree trunks lashed together. The term has evolved in English usage to refer to unrelated twin-hulled vessels.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/catamaran|title=Origin and meaning of catamaran|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|language= en|access-date= 2019-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Lück |first= Michael |date= 2008 |title= The Encyclopedia of Tourism and Recreation in Marine Environments |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Yuc2Aro6ukkC&q=tamil+catamaran+5th+century&pg=PA86 |location=Wallingford, UK |publisher=CABI |page=86 |isbn= 978-1-84593-350-0}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Catamaran |encyclopedia= Dictionary.com Unabridged |url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/catamaran |year= 2016 |publisher= Random House, inc.}}</ref>

=== Development in Austronesia ===
{{Main|Outrigger boat}}
[[File:Die Sitten der Völker- Liebe, Ehe, Heirat, Geburt, Religion, Aberglaube, Lebensgewohnheiten, Kultureigentümlichkeiten, Tod und Bestattung bei allen Völkern der Erde; (1914) (14591807039).jpg|thumb|A carved and painted voyaging catamaran with [[tanja sail]]s of the [[Micronesians|Micronesian inhabitants]] of [[Hermit Islands]], [[Bismarck Archipelago]] ({{circa|1914}})]]
[[File:Tahitian warrior dugouts, Le Costume Ancien et Moderne by Giulio Ferrario, 1827.jpg|thumb|1827 depiction of Tahitian ''[[Pahi (ship)|pahi]]'' war-canoes]]Catamaran-type vessels were an early technology of the [[Austronesian peoples]]. Early researchers like Heine-Geldern (1932) and Hornell (1943) once believed that catamarans evolved from [[outrigger canoe]]s, but modern authors specializing in Austronesian cultures like Doran (1981) and Mahdi (1988) now believe it to be the opposite.<ref name="Mahdi1999" /><ref name="Doran1981" /><ref name="Doran1974" />
[[File:Hokule'a.jpg|thumb|''[[Hōkūleʻa]]'', a modern replica of a [[Polynesian culture|Polynesian]] [[Multihull|twin-hulled]] [[Polynesian navigation|voyaging]] [[Outrigger canoe|canoe]]—an [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] innovation]]
Two canoes bound together developed directly from minimal raft technologies of two logs tied together. Over time, the twin-hulled canoe form developed into the asymmetric double canoe, where one hull is smaller than the other. Eventually the smaller hull became the prototype [[outrigger]], giving way to the single outrigger canoe, then to the reversible single outrigger canoe. Finally, the single outrigger types developed into the double outrigger canoe (or [[trimaran]]s).<ref name="Mahdi1999" /><ref name="Doran1981" /><ref name="Doran1974"/>

This would also explain why older Austronesian populations in [[Island Southeast Asia]] tend to favor double outrigger canoes, as it keeps the boats stable when [[tacking (sailing)|tacking]]. But they still have small regions where catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are still used. In contrast, more distant outlying descendant populations in [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]], and the [[Comoros]], retained the twin-hull and the single outrigger canoe types, but the technology for double outriggers never reached them (although it exists in western [[Melanesia]]). To deal with the problem of the instability of the boat when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the [[shunting (sailing)|shunting]] technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible single-outriggers.<ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|author=Mahdi, Waruno |editor=Blench, Roger |editor2=Spriggs, Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =0415100542}}</ref><ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}}</ref><ref name="Doran1974" /><ref name="Beheim">{{cite journal |last1=Beheim |first1=B. A. |last2=Bell |first2=A. V. |title=Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=23 February 2011 |volume=278 |issue=1721 |pages=3089–3095 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0060|pmid=21345865 |pmc=3158936 }}</ref><ref name="Hornell1932">{{cite journal |last1=Hornell |first1=James |title=Was the Double-Outrigger Known in Polynesia and Micronesia? A Critical Study |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1932 |volume=41 |issue=2 (162) |pages=131–143}}</ref>

Despite their being the more "primitive form" of outrigger canoes, they were nonetheless effective, allowing seafaring Polynesians to [[Polynesian navigation|voyage to distant Pacific islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirch|first=Patrick|title=Hawaiki|url=https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral00kirc|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral00kirc/page/n99 80]|isbn=978-0-521-78309-5}}</ref>

===Traditional catamarans===
{{See also|List of multihulls}}
The following is a list of traditional Austronesian catamarans:
*[[Island Melanesia]]:
:*[[Fiji]]: ''[[Drua]]'' (or ''waqa tabu'')
:*[[Papua New Guinea]]: ''[[Lakatoi]]''
:*[[Tonga]]: ''[[Hamatafua]]'', ''[[Kalia (watercraft)|kalia]]'', ''[[tongiaki]]''
*[[Polynesia]]
:*[[Cook Islands]]: ''[[Vaka katea]]''
:*[[Hawaii]]: ''[[Waʻa kaulua]]''
:*[[Marquesas]]: ''[[Vaka touʻua]]''
:*[[New Zealand]]: ''[[Waka hourua]]''
:*[[Samoa]]: ''[[ʻAlia]]'', ''[[amatasi]]'', ''[[va'a-tele]]''
:*[[Society Islands]]: ''[[Pahi (ship)|Pahi]]'', ''[[tipairua]]''

=== Western development of sailing catamarans ===
The first documented example of twin-hulled sailing craft in [[Early modern Europe|Europe]] was designed by [[William Petty]] in 1662 to sail faster, in shallower waters, in lighter wind, and with fewer crew than other vessels of the time. However, the unusual design met with skepticism and was not a commercial success.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/350years/twin-hulled-ship/ | title = Model of a twin-hulled ship - William Petty | publisher = Royal Society | access-date = 2014-08-08 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite magazine | date = September 22, 2000 | url = http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=153561&sectioncode=26 | title = Sailing with an Achilles' keel &#124; General | magazine = Times Higher Education | access-date = 2014-08-08 }}</ref>

[[File:Herreshoff Duplex Catamaran sailing in the Thames River--1880.png|thumb|left|[[Nathanael Greene Herreshoff|Nathaniel Herreshoff]]'s {{convert|31|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} long catamaran, ''Duplex'', on the [[River Thames]]—built in 1877]]
The design remained relatively unused in the West for almost 160 years until the early 19th-century, when the Englishman Mayflower F. Crisp built a two-hulled merchant ship in [[Yangon|Rangoon, Burma]]. The ship was christened ''Original''. Crisp described it as "a fast sailing fine sea boat; she traded during the monsoon between Rangoon and the Tenasserim Provinces for several years".<ref>{{ cite book | author = Bertie Reginald Pearn | title = A History of Rangoon | publisher = Corporation of Rangoon | year = 1938 | page = 136 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | author = M. F. Crisp | title = A treatise on marine architecture, elucidating the theory of the resistance of water : illustrating the form, or model best calculated to unite velocity, buoyancy, stability, strength, etc., in the same vessel : and finally, adducing the theory of the art of shipbuilding. | location = Maulmein | publisher = American Baptist mission press | year = 1849 | page = 94 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433008070769;view=1up;seq=7 }}</ref>

Later that century, the American [[Nathanael Herreshoff]] constructed a twin-hulled sailing boat of his own design (US Pat. No. 189,459).<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US189459 | date = April 10, 1877 | title = US Patent Number 189459: Improvement in construction of sailing-vessels | author = Nathanael Herreshoff | author-link = Nathanael Herreshoff }}</ref> The craft, ''Amaryllis'', raced at her maiden regatta on June 22, 1876, and performed exceedingly well. Her debut demonstrated the distinct performance advantages afforded to catamarans over the standard monohulls. It was as a result of this event, the Centennial Regatta of the New York Yacht Club, that catamarans were barred from regular sailing classes, and this remained the case until the 1970s.<ref name="ban">{{cite web | url = http://www.ulstc.org/Herreshoff.html | title = The Spirit of the Times, November 24, 1877 (reprint) | author = L. Francis Herreshoff | publisher = Marine Publishing Co., Camden, Maine | access-date = 2014-12-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124161749/http://www.ulstc.org/Herreshoff.html | archive-date = January 24, 2008 }}</ref> On June 6, 1882, three catamarans from the [[Southern Yacht Club]] of [[New Orleans]] raced a 15&nbsp;nm course on [[Lake Pontchartrain]] and the winning boat in the catamaran class, ''Nip and Tuck'', beat the fastest sloop's time by over five minutes.<ref>{{ citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jsk2AQAAMAAJ&q=schooner+%22roger+stewart%22&pg=PA552 | title = The Southern Yacht Club of New Orleans | author = Sampsell, Lorillard D. | date = March 1898 | newspaper = Outing: Sport, Adventure, Travel Fiction, Volume 31 }}</ref><ref>{{ citation | title = The sesquicentennial of the Southern Yacht Club of New Orleans, 1849-1999 : 150 years of yachting in the Gulf South | author = Counce, Oliver J. | date = 2000 | newspaper = Metairie Franklin Southland Printing | oclc = 46836336 }}</ref>

In 1916, [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] patented a multihull steel vessel named ''Binave'' (Twin Ship), a new type of catamaran which was constructed and tested in [[Bilbao]] ([[Spain]]) in 1918. The innovative design included two 30 HP [[Hispano-Suiza]] marine [[engine]]s and could modify its configuration when [[sailing]], positioning two [[rudder]]s at the stern of each float, with the propellers also placed [[aft]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La "Binave" de Torres Quevedo: El precursor de los modernos catamaranes|date=2020-05-31|author=Aviación Digital|url=https://aviaciondigital.com/la-binave-de-torres-quevedo-el-precursor-de-los-modernos-catamaranes/|access-date = 2024-06-25}}</ref><ref>Rodrigo Pérez Fernández. Francisco A. González Redondo. ''[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08438714221075417 On the origin, foundational designs and first manufacture of the modern catamaran]'', [[International Journal of Maritime History]], [[SAGE Publishing]], Volume 34, Issue 3, February 1, 2022.</ref><ref name="PatentesLTQ">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA75 Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo],'' España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> In 1936, [[Eric de Bisschop]] built a Polynesian "double canoe" in [[Hawaii]] and sailed it home to a hero's welcome in France. In 1939, he published his experiences in a book, ''Kaimiloa'', which was translated into English in 1940.<ref>''The Voyage of the Kaimiloa'', London, 1940 (translated from French: ''Kaimiloa : D'Honolulu à Cannes par l'Australie et Le Cap, à bord d'une double pirogue polynésienne''), Editions Plon, Paris, 1939 (''Au delà des horizons lointains 1'').</ref>

[[Roland Prout|Roland]] and [[Frank Prout|Francis Prout]] experimented with catamarans in 1949 and converted their 1935 boat factory in [[Canvey Island]], Essex (England), to catamaran production in 1954. Their ''Shearwater'' catamarans easily won races against monohulls. ''Yellow Bird,'' a 1956-built ''[[Shearwater III]]'', raced successfully by Francis Prout in the 1960s, is in the collection of the [[National Maritime Museum Cornwall]].<ref>{{ cite book | last = Bird | first = Vanessa | title = Classic Classes | page = 65 | publisher = A&C Black | date = 2013 | isbn = 9781408158906 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6dAtAAAAQBAJ&q=Prout+catamaran&pg=PA65 | access-date = 2016-01-27 }}</ref> [[G. Prout & Sons|Prout Catamarans]], Ltd. designed a [[mast aft rig]] with the mast aft of midships to support an enlarged jib—more than twice the size of the design's reduced mainsail; it was produced as the ''Snowgoose'' model.<ref name="snowgoose">{{cite journal | url = http://www.southwindssailing.com/articles/0111/proutsnowgoose.html | title = Reviewing the Prout Snowgoose 34 catamaran | author = Charles E. Kanter | journal = Southwinds Sailing | date = November 2001 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519190111/http://www.southwindssailing.com/articles/0111/proutsnowgoose.html | archive-date = May 19, 2006 | accessdate = February 27, 2019 }}</ref> The claimed advantage of this sail plan was to diminish any tendency for the bows of the vessel to dig in.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Sailor's multihull guide to the best cruising catamarans & trimarans | date = 2002 | publisher = Avalon House | others = Jeffrey, Kevin, 1954-, Jeffrey, Nan, 1949-, Kanter, Charles E., 1930- | isbn = 0962756288 | edition = 3rd | location = Belfast, P.E.I. | oclc = 51112242 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | title = Catamarans for cruising | last = Andrews | first = Jim | date = 1974 | publisher = Hollis and Carter | isbn = 0370103394 | location = London | oclc = 1273831 }}</ref>

[[File:Hobie Cat 16.jpg|thumb|upright|Hobie 16 beachable catamaran]]

In the mid-twentieth century, [[beachcat]]s became a widespread category of sailing catamarans, owing to their ease of launching and mass production. In California, a maker of [[surfboard]]s, [[Hobie Alter]], produced the {{convert|250|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Hobie cat#Hobie 14|Hobie 14]] in 1967, and two years later the larger and even more successful [[Hobie 16]]. As of 2016, the Hobie 16 was still being produced with more than 100,000 having been manufactured.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Hobie 16 2012 Class Report 2012 | url = http://www.sailing.org/tools/documents/H162012ClassReport-%5B11980%5D.pdf | access-date = 2015-10-01 }}</ref>

Catamarans were introduced to Olympic sailing in 1976. The two-handed [[Tornado (sailboat)|Tornado catamaran]] was selected for the multihull discipline in the [[Olympic Games]] from 1976 through 2008. It was redesigned in 2000.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.tornado-class.org/the-class/tornado-class-history/ | title = A Brief Tornado History—The Story of the Tornado, the Olympic Catamaran | last1 = Forbes | first1 = John | last2 = Young | first2 = Jim | date = 2003 | publisher = International Tornado Class Association | access-date = 2016-01-27}}.</ref> The [[sailing hydrofoil|foiling]] [[Nacra 17]] was used in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, which were held in 2021;<ref>{{ cite web | last1 = Nelson|first1=Gunnar | title = World Sailing confirms Nacra 17 Foiling version for Tokyo 2020 | url = http://www.catsailingnews.com/2016/11/world-sailing-confirms-nacra-17-foiling.html | website = catsailingnews.com |date=November 15, 2016 | publisher = Catamaran Racing News and Design | access-date = 21 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Jonathan | title = Perfecting their craft | url = http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/perfecting-their-craft | access-date = 1 November 2017 | work = [[The Straits Times]] | publisher = Singapore Press Holdings Ltd | date = 18 Oct 2015 }}</ref> after the 2015 adoption of the [[Nacra 15]] as a Youth World Championships class and as a new class for the Youth Olympic Games.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Youth World Sailing Championship – Multihull selection | url = http://www.sailing.org.au/youth-world-sailing-championship-multihull-selection/ | website = sailing.org.au | publisher = Australian Sailing | access-date = 21 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Tim | title = Nacra 15 selected as the next Youth multihull | url = http://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/187121/Nacra-15-selected-as-the-next-Youth-multihull | website = Yachts and Yachting .com | publisher = YY Online Services Ltd | access-date = 21 August 2017 }}</ref>