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Cellulase
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== Types and action == Five general types of cellulases based on the type of reaction catalyzed: *[[Endoglucanase SS|Endocellulases]] (EC 3.2.1.4) randomly cleave internal bonds at amorphous sites that create new chain ends. * [[Exocellulase]]s or cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91) cleave two to four units from the ends of the exposed chains produced by endocellulase, resulting in [[tetrasaccharide]]s<ref name="pmid16006068">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zverlov VV, Schantz N, Schwarz WH | title = A major new component in the cellulosome of ''Clostridium thermocellum'' is a processive endo-Ξ²-1,4-glucanase producing cellotetraose | journal = FEMS Microbiology Letters | volume = 249 | issue = 2 | pages = 353β8 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16006068 | doi = 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.037 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or [[disaccharide]]s, such as [[cellobiose]]. Exocellulases are further classified into type I, that work processively from the reducing end of the cellulose chain, and type II, that work processively from the nonreducing end. * Cellobiases (EC 3.2.1.21) or [[Ξ²-glucosidase]]s hydrolyse the exocellulase product into individual monosaccharides. * [[Oxidative cellulase]]s depolymerize cellulose by radical reactions, as for instance [[cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor)]]. * [[Cellulose phosphorylase]]s depolymerize cellulose using phosphates instead of water. Within the above types there are also progressive (also known as processive) and nonprogressive types. Progressive cellulase will continue to interact with a single polysaccharide strand, nonprogressive cellulase will interact once then disengage and engage another polysaccharide strand. Cellulase action is considered to be synergistic as all three classes of cellulase can yield much more sugar than the addition of all three separately. Aside from ruminants, most animals (including humans) do not produce cellulase in their bodies and can only partially break down cellulose through fermentation, limiting their ability to use [[food energy|energy]] in fibrous plant material.
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