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Cementation process
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==Origins== The process was described in a treatise published in [[Prague]] in 1574. It was invented by Johann Nussbaum of [[Magdeburg]], who began operations at [[Nuremberg]] (with partners) in 1601. The process was patented in [[England]] by William Ellyot and Mathias Meysey in 1614.<ref>K. C. Barraclough, ''Steel before Bessemer: I Blister Steel: the birth of an industry'' (The Metals Society, London, 1984), 48-52.</ref> At that date, the "invention" could consist merely of the introduction of a new industry or product, or even a mere [[monopoly]]. They evidently soon transferred the patent to Sir [[Basil Brooke (metallurgist)|Basil Brooke]], but he was forced to surrender it in 1619. A clause in the patent prohibiting the import of [[steel]] was found to be undesirable because he could not supply as much good steel as was needed.<ref name="King">P. W. King, 'The Cartel in Oregrounds Iron: trading in the raw material for steel during the eighteenth century' ''Journal of Industrial History'' 6(1) (2003), 25-49.</ref> Brooke's [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]]s were probably in his manor of [[Madeley, Shropshire|Madeley]] at [[Coalbrookdale]] (which certainly existed before the [[English Civil War]]) where two cementation furnaces have been excavated.<ref>P. Belford and R. A. Ross, 'English steelmaking in the seventeenth century: excavation of two cementation furnaces at Coalbrookdale' ''Historical Metallurgy'' 41(2) (2007), 105-123.</ref> He probably used [[bar iron]] from the [[Forest of Dean]], where he was a partner in farming the King's ironworks in two periods. By 1631, it was recognised that Swedish iron was the best raw material and then or later particularly certain marks (brands) such as ''double bullet'' (so called from the mark OO) from [[Österbybruk|Österby]] and ''hoop L'' from Leufsta (now [[Lövstabruk|Lövsta]]), whose mark consisted of an L in a circle, both belonging to [[Louis De Geer (1587–1652)|Louis De Geer]] and his descendants. These were among the first ironworks in [[Sweden]] to use the [[Walloon process]] of [[finery forge|fining]] iron, producing what was known in England as [[oregrounds iron]]. It was so called from the Swedish port of [[Öregrund]], north of Stockholm, in whose hinterland most of the ironworks lay. The ore used came ultimately from the [[Dannemora, Sweden|Dannemora]] mine.<ref name="King"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barraclough |first1=K. C. |year=1990 |title=Swedish iron and Sheffield steel |series=[[History of Technology (book series)|History of Technology]] |volume=12 |pages=1–39 |isbn=0-7201-2075-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jLSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref>
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