Editing Central Java (section)

== History ==
{{See also|History of Indonesia}}

=== Etymology ===
The origin of the name "Java" can be traced from the [[Sanskrit]] chronicle which mentions the existence of an island called yavadvip(a) (''dvipa'' means "island", and ''yava'' means "[[barley]]" or also "[[grain]]").<ref name=":0" /><ref>Raffles, Thomas E. (1965) "The History of Java". Oxford University Press, p. 32.</ref> These grains may be millet ([[Foxtail millet|Setaria italica]]) or rice, both of which have been widely found on this island, before the entry of Indian influence.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E. (1965) "The History of Java". Oxford University Press, p. 2.</ref> It is possible that the island had many previous names, including the possibility of it originating from the word ''jaú'' which means "far away". Yavadvipa is mentioned in one of the Indian epic, [[Ramayana]]. According to the epic, [[Sugriva]], the commander of the wanara (ape man) from [[Rama|Sri Rama]]'s army, sent his envoy to Yavadvip ("Java Island") to look for the Hindu goddess [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |title=History of Ancient India |last=Kapur |first=Kamlesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-8120749108 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429045511/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another possibility is that the word "Java" comes from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]], ''Awa'' or ''Yawa'' (Similar to the words ''Awa'i'' (Awaiki) or ''Hawa'i'' (Hawaiki) used in [[Polynesia]], especially [[Hawaii]]) which means "home".<ref name = hatley>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref>

An island called ''Iabadiu'' or ''Jabadiu'' is mentioned in [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy's]] work called [[Geography (Ptolemy)|''Geographia'']] which was made around 150 AD during the era of the [[Roman Empire]]. ''Iabadiu'' is said to mean "island of barley", also rich in gold, and has a silver city called Argyra at its western end. This name mentioned Java, which most likely origins from the Sanskrit term Java-dvipa (Yawadvipa).<ref name="AncientGeo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpP0wKQ1lksC|title=History of Ancient Geography|author=J. Oliver Thomson|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-68992-3|pages=316–317}}</ref>

Chinese records from the [[Book of Song|''Songshu'']] and the [[Book of Liang|''Liangshu'']] referred to Java as She-po (5th century AD), He-ling (640–818 AD), then called it She-po again until the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368), where they began to call Zhao-Wa.<ref name="Nusa Jawa">{{cite book|title=The Javanese Crossroads: Essay of global history|author=Denys Lombard|year=1990}}</ref> In the book [[Yingya Shenglan|''Yingyai Shenglan'']], written by the Chinese Ming explorer [[Ma Huan]], the Chinese call Java as Chao-Wa, and it was once called the She-pó (She-bó).<ref>Mills, J.V.G. (1970). ''Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores [1433].'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> When [[Giovanni de' Marignolli]] returned from China to [[Avignon]], he stopped at the kingdom of Saba, which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen; this name Saba might be his interpretation of She-bó.<ref>''Yule, Sir Henry (1913). Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China vol. II. London: The Hakluyt Society.''</ref>

=== Prehistoric era ===
[[File:Sangiran 17-02.JPG|thumb|Fossil of the ''[[Java Man]],'' found in [[Sangiran]], [[Sragen Regency]]]]
Java has been inhabited by humans or their ancestors ([[hominina]]) since prehistoric times. In Central Java and the adjacent territories in East Java remains known as "[[Java Man]]" were discovered in the 1890s by the Dutch anatomist and geologist [[Eugène Dubois]]. It belongs to the species ''[[Homo erectus]]'',<ref name = hominid>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043428/Java-man |title=Java man (extinct hominid)  |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911233444/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043428/Java-man |archive-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and are believed to be about 1.7 million years old.<ref name = hominid /> The [[Sangiran]] site is an important prehistoric site on Java.

Around {{formatnum:40000}} years ago, [[Australoid]] peoples related to modern Australian Aboriginals and [[Melanesians]] settled in Central Java. They were assimilated or replaced by Mongoloid [[Austronesians]] by about 3,000 BC, who brought technologies of pottery, outrigger canoes, the bow and arrow, and introduced domesticated pigs, fowls, and dogs. They also introduced cultivated rice and millet.<ref>Robert Cribb, ''Historical Atlas of Indonesia'' (2000:30)</ref>

=== Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic era ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|A painting (c. 1916–1919) by G. B. Hooijer reconstructing the scene of [[Borobudur]] during its height]]
Recorded history began in what is now Central Java in the 7th century AD. The writing, as well as Hinduism and Buddhism, were brought by the Indians from South Asia, at the time of Central Java was a centre of power in Java. In 664 AD, the Chinese monk [[Huineng|Hui-neng]] visited the Javanese port city he called ''Hēlíng'' (訶陵) or ''Ho-ling'', where he translated various Buddhist scriptures into Chinese with the assistance of the Javanese Buddhist monk Jñānabhadra. It is not precisely known what is meant by the name ''Hēlíng''. It used to be considered the Chinese transcription of ''Kalinga'' but it is now most commonly thought of as a rendering of the name ''Areng''. ''Hēlíng'' is believed to be located somewhere between Semarang and [[Jepara]].

The first dated inscription in Central Java was the [[Canggal inscription|Canggal]] from 732 AD. This inscription, from [[Kedu Plains|Kedu]], is written in Sanskrit in [[Pallava script]]. It is written that a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] king named [[Sri Sanjaya]] established a kingdom called [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]]. Under the reign of Sanjaya's dynasty, several monuments such as the [[Prambanan]] temple complex were built. At the same time, a competing dynasty [[Sailendra]] arose, adhering to [[Buddhism]] and built the [[Borobudur]] temple. After 820 AD, there was no more mention of the ''Hēlíng'' in Chinese records. Coinciding with the overthrow of the Sailendras by the Sanjayas who restored Shaivism as the dominant religion. In the middle of the 10th century, however, the centre of power moved to eastern Java. [[Raden Wijaya]] founded the [[Majapahit Empire]], and reaching its peak during the reign of [[Hayam Wuruk]]. The kingdom claimed sovereignty over the entire [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Indonesian archipelago]], although direct control tended to be limited to Java, [[Bali]] and [[Madura Island|Madura]]. [[Gajah Mada]] was a military leader during this time, who led numerous territorial conquests. The kingdoms in Java had previously based their power on agriculture, but Majapahit had succeeded in seizing ports and shipping lanes, in a bid to become the first commercial empire on Java. The empire suffered a setback after the death of Hayam Wuruk and the [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|entry of Islam into the archipelago]].

In the late 16th century, [[Islam]] had surpassed [[Hinduism]] and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. The emergence of Islamic kingdoms in Java is also inseparable from the role of [[Wali Sanga|Walisongo]]. At first, the spread of Islam was quick and was accepted by ordinary people, until the entrance of ''[[da'wah]]'' and it was carried out by the rulers of the island. The [[Demak Sultanate|Sultanate of Demak]] was the first recorded Islamic kingdom in Java, first led by one of the descendants of the Majapahit emperor [[Raden Patah]], who converted to Islam. During this period, Islamic kingdoms began to develop from [[Kingdom of Pajang|Pajang]], [[Surakarta Sunanate|Surakarta]], [[Yogyakarta Sultanate|Yogyakarta]], [[Sultanate of Cirebon|Cirebon]], and [[Banten Sultanate|Banten]]. Another Islamic kingdom, the [[Mataram Sultanate|Sultanate of Mataram]], grew into a dominant force in the central and eastern Java. The cities of [[Surabaya]] and [[Cirebon]] were subdued by Mataram. Only the Mataram and Banten Sultanates remained after the Dutch arrived in the early 17th century. Some Islamic kingdoms in Java can still be found in several regions, such as [[Surakarta]] (with two kingdoms of [[Surakarta Sunanate|Kasunanan]] and [[Mangkunegaran]]), and [[Yogyakarta]] with the [[Yogyakarta Sultanate]] and [[Pakualaman]].

=== Dutch colonial rule ===
[[File:Mataram 1830-en.png|thumb|200px|right|The shattered kingdom, Mataram in 1830, after the [[Java War]].]]
By the late 16th century, European traders began to frequent central Javanese ports. The Dutch established a presence in the region through the [[Dutch East India Company|East India Company]]. Following the fall of Demak to Mataram under the reign of [[Sultan Agung]], Mataram was able to conquer almost all of Java by the 17th century, but internal disputes and Dutch intervention forced it to cede more land to the Dutch. These cessions led to several partitions of Mataram. The first was after the 1755 [[Treaty of Giyanti]], which divided the kingdom in two, the Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Surakarta was divided again with the establishment of the [[Mangkunegaran]] following the 1757 Treaty of Salatiga.

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Central Java as a Dutch colony was [[Invasion of Java (1811)|taken over by the British]]. In 1813, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta was divided with the establishment of the Pakualaman. Following the departure of the British, the Dutch returned as stipulated in the [[Congress of Vienna]]. The [[Java War]] between 1825 and 1830 ravaged Central Java, which resulted in a consolidation of the Dutch power. The power and the territories of the already divided Mataram were greatly reduced. After the war, the [[Netherlands]] enforced the [[Cultivation System]] which was linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, first in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice.

In the 1900s, the predecessor of the modern Central Java was created, named ''Gouvernement van Midden-Java''. Before 1905, central Java consisted of 5 ''gewesten'' (regions) namely [[Semarang]], [[Rembang Regency|Rembang]], [[Kedu Residency|Kedu]], [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]], and [[Pekalongan]]. [[Surakarta]] was still an independent ''vorstenland'' (autonomous region) which stood alone and consisted of two regions, Surakarta and Mangkunegaran, as well as Yogyakarta. Each ''gewest'' consisted of districts. At that time, the ''Rembang Gewest'' also included ''Regentschap [[Tuban]]''and ''Regentschap [[Bojonegoro Regency|Bojonegoro]]''. After the enactment of the 1905 ''Decentralisatie Besluit'' (Decentralisation Decision), the governor was given autonomy and a regional Council was formed. In addition, autonomous ''gemeente'' (municipal) was formed, [[Pekalongan]], [[Tegal (city)|Tegal]], [[Semarang]], [[Salatiga]], and [[Magelang]]. In 1930, the province was designated as an autonomous region with a ''provinciale raad'' (provincial council). The province consists of several ''residenties'' (residencies), covering several ''regentschap'' (districts), divided into several ''kawedanan'' (districts). Central Java consisted of 5 residences: Pekalongan, Jepara-[[Rembang Regency|Rembang]], Semarang, [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]], and [[Kedu Residency|Kedu]].

=== Independence and contemporary era ===
On 1 March 1942, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] [[Battle of Java (1942)|landed on Java]], and the following week, the [[Dutch East Indies]] surrendered to Japan. During Japanese rule, Java and [[Madura]] were placed under the [[Sixteenth Army (Japan)|Japanese 16th Army]]. Many who lived in areas considered important to the war effort experienced [[torture]], [[sex slavery]], [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrest]] and execution, and other [[war crimes]]. Thousands of people were taken away as [[forced labour]]ers (''[[romusha]]'') for Japanese military projects, including the [[Death Railway|Burma-Siam]] and [[Saketi-Bayah railway]]s, and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. A later [[United Nations|UN]] report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.<ref>Cited in: Dower, John W. ''War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War'' (1986; Pantheon; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}).</ref> About 2.4 million people died in Java from famine during 1944–45.<ref>Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' ''MPRA Paper No. 8852.'' pp.&nbsp;35–38. [http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103224119/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/|date=3 November 2018}}</ref>[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van Semarang rechtsboven N.I.S. station TMnr 10014760.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the city of [[Semarang]], the capital of Central Java since the Dutch colonial era]]

Following the surrender of Japan, Indonesia [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|proclaimed its independence]] on 17 August 1945. The final stages of warfare were initiated in October when, under the terms of their surrender, the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they relinquished to the Indonesians in towns and cities. The fiercest fighting involving the Indonesian ''pemuda'' and the Japanese was [[Battle of Semarang|in Semarang]]. Six days later, British forces began to occupy the city, after which retreating Indonesian Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and 300 Japanese prisoners. Five hundred Japanese and 2,000 Indonesians had been killed, and the Japanese had almost captured the city when British forces arrived.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|p=216}}

The province of Central Java was formed on 15 August 1950, excluding Yogyakarta but including [[Special Region of Surakarta|Surakarta]].<ref name="Jateng-Profil" /> There has been no significant changes in the administrative division of the province ever since. In the aftermath of the [[30 September Movement]] in 1965, [[Indonesian killings of 1965–66|an anti-communist purge]] took place in Central Java, in which the army and community vigilante groups killed Communists and leftists, both actual and alleged. Others were interned in [[concentration camp]]s, the most infamous of which was on the isle of [[Buru]] in Maluku, first used as a place of political exile by the Dutch. Some were executed years later, but most were released in 1979<ref>Robert Cribb, ''Historical Atlas of Indonesia'' (2000:170–171).</ref> In 1998, near the [[Fall of Suharto|downfall of Suharto]], [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia|anti-Chinese violence]] broke out in Surakarta (Solo) and surrounding areas, in which Chinese property and other buildings were burnt down. The following year, public buildings in Surakarta were burnt by supporters of [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] after Indonesia's parliament chose [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] instead of Megawati for the presidency.

The [[2006 Yogyakarta earthquake]] in the south and Yogyakarta devastated many buildings and caused thousands of deaths and more than {{formatnum:37000}} injuries.