Editing Chain pump (section)

==In the Near East and Europe==
The earliest evidence for this device is in a [[Babylonia]]n text from about 700 B.C. They were commonly powered by humans or animals.<ref>[[Joseph Needham]], ''Science and Civilisation in China'' 4(2) (1965), p. 352.</ref> The device then appeared in [[ancient Egypt]] from about 200 B.C., featuring a pair of [[gear]]-wheels{{dubious|Sound exactly like the oldest saqiya/sakia occurrence in Ptolemaic Egypt. Most likely a confusion!|date=February 2015}}.<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ''Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science'', Vol. 3, pp. 751–795 [771].</ref>

A version of the chain pump was used in [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], sometimes with pots, or scoops fixed to the chain, which, as they passed over the top pulley, tipped the water out; a 2nd-century example is preserved in London.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Blair|first1=Ian|title=The technology of the 1st – and 2nd – century roman bucket chains from London: from excavation to reconstruction|date=2019-04-08|url=http://books.openedition.org/ausonius/10458|work=Aquam in altum exprimere : Les machines élévatrices d’eau dans l’Antiquité|pages=85–114|editor-last=Bouet|editor-first=Alain|series=Scripta Antiqua|place=Pessac|publisher=Ausonius Éditions|language=en|isbn=978-2-35613-295-6|access-date=2021-11-03|last2=Spain|first2=Robert|last3=Taylor|first3=Tony}}</ref> [[Philo of Byzantium]] wrote of such a device in the 2nd century B.C.;<ref>{{Cite web|title=The chained pump of Philon (''mangani'')|url=http://kotsanas.com/gb/exh.php?exhibit=1001005|access-date=2021-11-03|website=kotsanas.com|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103013326/http://kotsanas.com/gb/exh.php?exhibit=1001005|url-status=dead}}</ref> the historian [[Vitruvius]] mentioned them around 30 B.C. Fragments of the cogs, crank, and discs, of a [[bilge pump]], from a 1st-century [[Nemi ships|Roman barge]], were unearthed at [[Lake Nemi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Damian|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236157707|title=Maritime Archaeology and AncientTrade in the Mediterranean|publisher=Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph|pages=43–44}}</ref><ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 109">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 109.</ref>

Chain pumps were used in European mines during the [[Renaissance]]; [[Mineralogy|mineralogist]] [[Georg Agricola]] illustrated them in his ''[[De re metallica]]'' (1556).<ref>G. Agricola, ''In Re Metallica'', <page needed>.</ref> Chain pumps were commonly used on naval vessels of the time to pump the bilges, and examples are known in the nineteenth century for low-lift irrigation.