Editing Cheating in casinos (section)

==Methods of cheating by players==
[[File:Kepplinger holdout machine example.png|thumb|Kepplinger holdout machine]]
The methods for cheating in a casino are often specific to individual games and include the following:
*[[Past posting]]: After a bet is won, a player replaces smaller-denomination chips with large-denomination chips.
*Hand mucking: Palming desirable cards, then switching them for less desirable cards that the gambler holds.
*Using a "[[Holdout (gambling)|holdout]]" device to remove a card from the game until needed at a later time.
*[[Card marking]]: Various methods exist to mark cards during play.
*Marked decks: Usually involving the collusion of casino employees, it may be possible for a marked deck to be introduced into play. There are many different ways to mark decks of cards, some of them very difficult to detect. Casinos often replace their cards at table games and either sell or give away the used decks.  These decks are usually cut or altered before they are sold or given away.  This is to prevent cheaters from buying used decks and then using the cards to cheat at table games.
*Tampering with [[slot machine]]s:  Methods exist for altering the outcome of slot machine games.
*[[Collusion]]: In poker games, the practice of two partners signaling to each other the values of their cards can be very difficult to detect.<ref>T. Hayes, [https://www.lybrary.com/collusion-strategy-and-analysis-for-texas-holdem-p-922246.html "Collusion Strategy and Analysis for Texas Hold'em"], 2017</ref> Also, in [[Casino game#Table games|table games]], players can collude with the dealer.
*Using auxiliary devices: In Nevada, New Jersey, and other jurisdictions, using any device which helps to forecast the odds or aid in a legitimate strategy such as [[card counting]] is regarded as cheating.<ref>Forte, Steve. ''Casino Game Protection.'' SLF Publishing, 2004</ref>
*Top hats: In [[roulette]], players place a bet after the ball has landed.  The chips are disguised using a third party's chip - the "top hat".
*Using a computer to gain an edge, illegal in Nevada since 1985.
*[[Exploit (computer security)|Exploiting]] bugs in online casino software: In one example from 1999, security researchers from [[Cigital]] found that the online poker software used by [[Planet Poker]] and other sites did not shuffle cards adequately. The worst of the flaws they discovered was that the [[pseudorandom number generator]] used in the shuffling algorithm was [[Random seed|seeded]] solely using the value of the [[system clock]]; a cheater knowing the server time to within one or two minutes (allowing for only around 200,000 possible shuffles under the flawed algorithm) could identify the order of all cards in the deck after seeing just five of them (the cheater's two hole cards and the flop in [[Texas hold 'em]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arkin |first=Brad |last2=Hill |first2=Frank |last3=Marks |first3=Scott |last4=Schmid |first4=Matt |last5=Walls |first5=Thomas John |last6=McGraw |first6=Gary |date=1999-09-28 |title=How We Learned to Cheat at Online Poker: A Study in Software Security |url=https://www.developer.com/guides/how-we-learned-to-cheat-at-online-poker-a-study-in-software-security/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Developer.com |language=en-US}}</ref>