Editing Cheder (section)

==History==
''Cheders'' were widely found in Europe before the end of the 18th century. Lessons took place in the house of the teacher, known as a ''[[melamed]]'',<ref>[https://sztetl.org.pl/en/glossary/cheder Museum of the History of Polish Jews website]</ref> whose wages were paid by the Jewish community or a group of parents. Normally, only boys would attend classes - girls were educated by their mothers in their homes. Where money was scarce and the community could not afford to maintain many teachers, boys of all ages would be taught in a single group.

Although traditionally boys start learning the [[Hebrew alphabet]] the day they turned three, boys typically entered ''cheder'' school around the age of 5.<ref name=jhi>[https://www.jhi.pl/en/articles/a-belfer-that-is-religious-education-teacher,46 Jewish Historical Institute website]</ref> After learning to read Hebrew, they would immediately begin studying the [[Torah]], starting with the [[Book of Leviticus]]. They would usually start learning the [[Mishnah]] at around seven years of age and the [[Talmud]] (Mishnah, [[Gemara]], and additional commentaries) as soon they had mastered the Mishnah. Reading out loud to each other and [[rote learning]] were the main techniques used to teach these complicated studies. At the age of 13 or 14,<ref name=jhi /> the end of a boy's education at the cheder would be marked by his [[bar mitzvah]].

Those who wanted to go on to become a [[rabbi]] or [[sofer]] had to continue their studies<ref name=jhi /> at an [[yeshiva]], or Talmudic university. Famous European ''yeshivot'' were located at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Fürth]] and [[Prague]], which was considered to be among the best. After many Jews had fled to eastern Europe to escape medieval [[pogrom]]s connected with the [[Crusades]] of that time, the intellectual centre of European Judaism moved with them and remained there for centuries.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the cheder system became a target of critique by members of [[Jewish orthodoxy]] as well as by supporters of the more liberal ''[[Haskala]]'' (Jewish  [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]).

Orthodox critics argued that teachers were not sufficiently qualified. At that time, cheder teachers were paid so badly that many would have to supplement their incomes with menial tasks.<ref>[https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/heder Yivo Encyclopedia website]</ref> It was fairly commonplace for a melamed to be a [[shechita|butcher]], singer or even a gravedigger. It was also argued that some melameds would let pupils advance to the next level of learning too early because advanced pupils had to pay more money for their lessons.

Critics committed to the ideals of the Haskala criticized the system as a whole, claiming it resulted in linguistic and spatial isolation for its students and therefore impeded the integration and emancipation of the Jews. They proposed additional lessons in the local language and a more secular vocational education.

These ideas were put into practice at the end of the 18th century by German Jews who founded [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] schools or ''Freischulen'' ("free schools"). This and the introduction of compulsory education eventually led to the dissolution of the ''cheder'' system, at least in [[Germanophone]] countries, although it continued to exist in Eastern Europe until as recently as [[the Holocaust]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

At the break of the 19th and 20th centuries in the [[Russian Empire]] (which at that time incorporated considerable parts of [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]]), ''[[cheder metukan]]'' {{langx|he|חדר מתוקן}}''  or "improved [[cheder]]s" were introduced by the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]].