Editing Chief mechanical engineer (section)

==Emerging professional roles==
In the early [[Victorian era]], projected canal or railway schemes were prepared by groups of promoters who hired specialists such as [[civil engineers]], [[surveying|surveyor]]s, [[architects]] or [[General contractor|contractors]] to survey a route; and this resulted in the issue of a [[Prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] setting out their proposals.<ref name=Biddle-2>{{cite book |last=Biddle |first=Gordon |year=1990 |title=The Railway Surveyors: The Story of Railway Property Management 1800-1990 |chapter=Chapter 2: Promoting a Railway |location=London |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd |isbn=0-7110-1954-1 |pages=27–43}}</ref> Provided that adequate [[Financial capital|capital]] could be raised from potential investors, agreements obtained from the landowners along the proposed route and, in Britain, an [[Act of Parliament]] obtained (different terminology is used in other countries), then construction might begin either by a new company specially formed to build and run it or by an existing company.<ref name=Biddle-2/>

Design, construction and day-to-day operation of the canal or railway was managed by men who might otherwise work for the promoters. Some of the pioneer railway builders were self-taught, but others had gained their engineering experience constructing canals, or in military service. In Britain, the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] had been founded in London in 1818, with [[Thomas Telford]] as its first president and its formation pre-dated many of the railway schemes.<ref name=Simmons-102-109>{{Simmons-VictorianRailway |pages=102-109}}</ref> It obtained a Royal Charter in 1828.<ref>{{Simmons-Biddle |page=225}}</ref> Later, the [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]] was formed in 1847, with [[George Stephenson]] as its first president.<ref name=Simmons-102-109/> The [[Corps of Royal Engineers]], a British military organisation, was older than both of these civilian engineering institutions and it had extensive experience of (military) railway operations. For this reason, for almost 150 years from its foundation by the [[Board of Trade]] in 1840, [[Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate]] recruited suitably qualified retired officers from the Corps into its "senior" arm, as ''railway inspecting officers''.<ref name=StanleyHall>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Stanley |year=1990 |title=Railway Detectives: The 150-year Saga of the Railway Inspectorate |location=London |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd |isbn=0-7110-1929-0 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref name=Hutter>{{cite book|author-link1=Bridget Hutter |last=Hutter |first=Bridget M. |year=1997 |title=Compliance: Regulation and Environment |series=Oxford Socio-Legal Studies |page=49 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-826475-5}}</ref> These officers retained their former military rank within the Inspectorate.<ref name=Hutter/> It was to be 1985 before a railway inspecting officer without a previous military career was appointed: the officer transferred across from the "junior" arm: as a former ''railway employment inspector''.<ref name=Hutter/> Over the same period, of almost a century and a half, the Inspectorate was headed by a retired officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers as its ''chief inspecting officer''.<ref name=StanleyHall/> Other, former army officers, such as [[Charles Blacker Vignoles]], were to gain new careers on the railways when they became under-employed after the [[Napoleonic War]].<ref name=Biddle-59>{{cite book |last=Biddle |first=Gordon |year=1990 |title=The Railway Surveyors: The Story of Railway Property Management 1800-1990 |location=London |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd |isbn=0-7110-1954-1 |page=59}}</ref>

In Britain, the various railway companies appointed and employed an engineer or chief engineer, who was usually a civil engineer by profession.<ref name=Simmons-112-114>{{Simmons-VictorianRailway |pages=112–114}}</ref> This was a permanent management role in the company in contrast to that of contractors, for instance, who were only hired to perform specific tasks such as construction of the line. The chief engineer had his own department (and budget) and was an important company official.<ref name=Simmons-112-114/> The chief engineer was responsible for all engineering functions: civil, which included bridges, viaducts, tunnels and track; and, later, mechanical, which included [[rolling stock]]. In some early railways, such as the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]] (L&MR), which opened in 1830, there was indecision on whether to use fixed engines and ropes or moving locomotives. Cases had arisen of locomotives being too heavy and breaking the [[cast iron]] rails that they had to run on; and locomotive wheels breaking and/or falling off. Finally, the L&MR's board agreed the use of moving locomotives; and the rolling stock was selected from various specialist builders by competition, at the [[Rainhill Trials]].<ref>{{Simmons-Biddle |pages=415–416}}</ref> Soon afterwards, many railway companies were to set up their own railway workshops, although railway companies continued to buy-in locomotives from specialist manufacturers, such as [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] which was founded by George and Robert Stephenson in 1828. Some railway companies operated their own ferries, boats, and ships and these would also be the responsibility of their Chief Engineer, but they would have been ordered from shipyards. [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] set an example, designing three great steamships: the [[SS Great Western]], the [[SS Great Britain]] and the [[SS Great Eastern]] – the first two being built at Bristol shipyards and the third at [[Millwall]], London. The Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland was formed in 1857 as a professional body for these trades in Scotland.<ref name=Simmons-102-109/>

The specialism of [[mechanical engineering]] became established on the railways, with an emphasis on moving parts; and, in terms of importance, this was concerned with designing and building of reliable [[locomotive]]s, carriages and waggons. Private companies designed and built these items to order and could offer standard designs to railway companies as well as "specials" to meet specific customer's requirements;<ref>{{Owen-NorwegianRail |pages=177-183}}</ref> otherwise railway companies could and did establish workshops to build their own locomotives and carriages. In August 1837, for example, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the Engineer responsible for the [[Great Western Railway]], appointed [[Daniel Gooch]] locomotive superintendent to the company; and it was his responsibility to provide the locomotives, the accommodation for them and the  running and the repair shops.<ref>{{Cattell-Falconer |pages=4-5}}</ref> Gooch suggested a [[Greenfield land|green field]] site, New Swindon, and this was to lead to the building of a railway works, a railway village and eventually the town of [[Swindon]].<ref>{{Cattell-Falconer |chapter=Chapter 1: 'Furze, Rushes and Rowen - a greenfield site |pages=1-15}}</ref> Swindon was not the only example of [[railway town]] or community that was created in England: [[Crewe]] being another.