Editing Choreography (section)

==Etymology and history==
[[File:Choreographic document of dances in Catalonia in 1496 manuscrit de Cervera.jpg|thumb|One of the first documents with choreographic signs is the Catalan manuscript of Cervera from 1496]]
The word ''choreography'' literally means "dance-writing"<ref name=eb/> from the Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance, see [[choreia (dance)|choreia]]) and "γραφή" (writing). It first appeared in the American English dictionary in the 1950s,<ref>
{{cite episode
 |title = Frankie Manning: Lindy Hop Pioneer
 |url = http://kuow.org/defaultProgram.asp?ID=11649
 |series = Radio Intersection
 |credits = Presented by Amanda Wilde
 |network = [[KUOW-FM|KUOW]] Puget Sound Public Radio
 |location = [Seattle, WA]
 |airdate = 2006-10-26
 |minutes = 12:31
 |url-status = dead
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012022429/https://www.kuow.org/defaultProgram.asp?ID=11649
 |archive-date = 2007-10-12
}}
</ref> and "choreographer" was first used as a credit for [[George Balanchine]] in the Broadway show ''[[On Your Toes]]'' in 1936.<ref name=Taper180>
{{cite book
 | last=Taper
 | first=Bernard
 | title=George Balanchine: A Biography
 | publisher=University of California Press
 | year=1996
 | isbn=0-520-20639-8}}, p. 180
</ref> Before this, stage and movie credits used phrases such as "ensembles staged by",<ref>
{{cite video
 | people = [[Mark Sandrich]] (Director)
 | date = 1935
 | title = Top Hat
 | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027125/
 | publisher = [[RKO Radio Pictures]]
 | access-date = 2007-08-08
 | time = 00:01:15
 | medium = DVD
 | quote = Ensembles Staged by [[Hermes Pan (choreographer)|Hermes Pan]]
}}
</ref> "dances staged by",<ref>
{{cite video
 | people = [[Edward Cahn (director)|Edward Cahn]] (Director)
 | date = 1942
 | title = Our Gang in "Melodies Old and New"
 | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035055/
 | publisher = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
 | access-date = 2007-08-07
 | time = 00:00:20
 | medium = DVD
 | quote = Dancer Staged by [[Steven Granger]] and [[Gladys Rubens]]
}}
</ref> or simply "dances by" to denote the choreographer.<ref name=Taper180/>

In [[Renaissance Italy]], dance masters created movements for social dances which were taught, while staged [[ballet]]s were created similarly. In 16th century France, French court dances were developed in an artistic pattern. In the 17th and 18th centuries, social dance became more separated from theatrical dance performances. During this time the word ''choreography'' was applied to the written record of dances, which later became known as [[dance notation]], with the meaning of ''choreography'' shifting to its current use as the composition of a sequence of movements making up a dance performance.<ref name=eb>{{cite web | title=choreography | website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]| url=https://www.britannica.com/art/choreography | access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>

The [[ballet master]] or choreographer during this time became the "arranger of dance as a theatrical art", with a well-known master of the late 18th century being [[Jean-Georges Noverre]], with others following and developing techniques for specific types of dance, including [[Gasparo Angiolini]], [[Jean Dauberval]], [[Charles Didelot]], and [[Salvatore Viganò]]. Ballet eventually developed its own vocabulary in the 19th century, and [[romantic ballet]] choreographers included [[Carlo Blasis]], [[August Bournonville]], [[Jules Perrot]] and [[Marius Petipa]].<ref name=eb/>

[[Modern dance]] brought a new, more naturalistic style of choreography, including by Russian choreographer [[Michel Fokine]] (1880-1942)<ref name=eb/> and [[Isadora Duncan]] (1878-1927),<ref name=skill/> and since then styles have varied between realistic representation and abstraction. [[Merce Cunningham]], [[George Balanchine]], and Sir [[Frederick Ashton]] were all influential choreographers of classical or abstract dance; Balanchine and Ashton, along with [[Martha Graham]], [[Leonide Massine]], [[Jerome Robbins]] and others also created representational works.<ref name=eb/> [[Isadora Duncan]] favored natural movement and [[improvisation]]. The work of [[Alvin Ailey]] (1931-1989), an African-American dancer, choreographer, and activist, spanned many dance styles, including ballet, [[jazz dance|jazz]], modern dance, and theatre.<ref name=skill>{{cite web | title=Choreography: What It Is and How to Get Started | website=Skillshare | date=24 June 2021 | url=https://www.skillshare.com/blog/choreography-what-it-is-and-how-to-get-started/ | access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>