Editing Christianity and Islam (section)

==Similarities and differences==
In the Islamic tradition, Christians and Jews are believed to worship the same God that Muslims worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-'Ankabut – 46 |url=https://quran.com/al-ankabut/46 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> However, to some, there are many different opinions in the discussion of whether [[Muslims]] and [[Christians]] worship the same God.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Inwagen|first1= Peter van|date= January 2015|title= Did God Create Shapes?|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328856848|journal= Philosophia Christi|volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 285–290|doi= 10.5840/pc201517224|access-date= 14 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Craig|first1= William Lane|title= Response to Bridges and Van Inwagen|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328856087|journal= Philosophia Christi|year= 2015|volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 291–297|doi= 10.5840/pc201517225|access-date= 14 March 2021}}</ref>

===Scriptures===
The Christian Bible is made up of the [[Old Testament]] and the [[New Testament]]. The Old Testament was written over a period of two millennia prior to the birth of Christ. The New Testament was written in the decades following the death of Christ.  Historically, Christians universally believed that the entire Bible was the divinely inspired Word of God. However, the rise of harsher criticism during [[the Enlightenment]] has led to a diversity of views concerning the authority and inerrancy of the Bible in different denominations. Christians consider the Quran to be a [[History of the Quran#Skeptical scholars|non-divine]] set of texts.{{multiple image
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| image1 = Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. Pic 01.jpg
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The Quran dates from the early 7th century or decades thereafter. Muslims believe it was revealed to Muhammad, gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609,<ref>* ''Chronology of Prophetic Events'', Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p. 50 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
* {{qref|17|105|b=y}}</ref> when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.<ref name="Britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=Qurʾān|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran|access-date=24 September 2013|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}}</ref><ref name="LivRlgP3382">''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths'', Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers.</ref><ref name="QuranC17V1062">{{qref|17|106|b=y}}</ref> The Quran is written mostly in [[parable]] and not in form of a linear process of history. However, the stories often involve Biblical figures.<ref>{{cite book | doi=10.1163/ej.9789004177529.i-536.65 | chapter=From Haggadic Exegesis to Myth: Popular Stories of the Prophets in Islam | title=Sacred Tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qur'an as Literature and Culture | date=2009 | last1=Hagen | first1=Gottfried | pages=301–316 | isbn=978-90-04-17752-9 }}</ref> By that, the Quran assumes that the audience is familiar with their associated narratives. Sometimes, stories featuring in the Bible are summarized, dwelled at length, and sometimes entirely different.<ref name="sanigosian">{{cite book|last=Nigosian|first=S.A.|title=Islam: its history, teaching and practices|year=2004|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|isbn=0-253-21627-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/65 65–80]|edition=[New ed.].|url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Brannon M.|last=Wheeler|year=2002|title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis|publisher=Continuum|page=15|isbn=978-0-8264-4956-6}}</ref> Another difference in style is that the Bible offers a linear set of time, from the beginning of the narrative to its end, while the Quran implies a cyclical pattern, in which the main narrative of the Quran unfolds repeatedly at the time of each prophet.<ref>Dakake, Maria M. "Myth and History in Islamic Thought: A Comparison with the Jewish and Christian Traditions." Buddhist-Christian Studies 42.42 (2022): 279-298.</ref>

Muslims believe that Jesus was given the [[Injil]] (Greek ''evangel'', or ''Gospel'') by God, however that parts or the entirety of these teachings were lost or distorted (''[[tahrif]]'') to produce the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the Christian [[New Testament]]. The majority of Muslims consider the Quran to be the only [[Islamic Holy Books|revealed book]] that has been protected by God from [[tahrif|distortion or corruption]].<ref>Understanding the Qurán – Page xii, Ahmad Hussein Sakr – 2000</ref>

===Jesus===
{{Main article|Jesus in Christianity|Jesus in Islam}}
Muslims and Christians both believe that Jesus was born to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], a [[virgin birth of Jesus|virgin]].<ref name="Robinson 12">{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Neal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C&pg=PA12|title=Christ in Islam and Christianity|date=31 July 1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791405598|location=New York|page=12}}</ref> They both also believe that Jesus is the [[Messiah]].<ref name="Robinson 12"/> However, they differ on other key issues regarding Jesus. Almost all Christians believe that Jesus was the incarnated Son of God, divine, and sinless. Islam teaches that Jesus was the penultimate and one of the most important [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets of God]], but not the Son of God, not divine, and not part of the [[Islamic view of the Trinity|Trinity]]. Rather, Muslims believe the creation of Jesus was similar to the creation of [[Adam]] ([[Islamic view of Adam|Adem]]).

Christianity and Islam also differ in their fundamental views related to the [[crucifixion of Jesus#Islam|crucifixion]] and [[resurrection of Jesus]]. Christianity teaches that Jesus was condemned to death by the [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|Sanhedrin]] and the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[prefect]] [[Pontius Pilate]], [[crucifixion|crucified]], and after three days, resurrected. Islam teaches that Jesus was a human prophet who, like the other prophets, tried to bring his people to worship the one true God, termed ''[[Tawhid]]''. Muslims also believe that Jesus was condemned to crucifixion and then miraculously [[Islamic view of Jesus' death|saved from execution]], and was raised to the heavens.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zahniser|first=Mathias|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity (Faith Meets Faith Series)|date=30 October 2008|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=978-1570758072|location=New York|page=55}}</ref> In Islam, instead of Jesus being crucified, his lookalike was crucified.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah An-Nisa' Verse 157 {{!}} 4:157 النساء - Quran O|url=https://qurano.com/en/4-an-nisa/verse-157/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=qurano.com|language=en}}</ref>

Both Christians and Muslims believe in the Second Coming of Jesus. Christianity does not state where will Jesus return, while the Hadith in Islam states that Jesus will return at a white minaret at the east of [[Damascus]] (believed to be the [[Minaret of Isa]] in the [[Umayyad Mosque]]), and will [[Hadith of Jesus praying behind Mahdi|pray behind]] [[Mahdi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=7 Things Muslims Should Know about Prophet 'Isa (as) {{!}} Muslim Hands UK|url=https://muslimhands.org.uk/latest/2020/12/jesus-in-islam-your-questions-answered-in-quran-and-hadith|access-date=2021-08-15|website=muslimhands.org.uk|date=25 December 2020 }}</ref> Christians believe that Jesus will return to kill the Antichrist and similarly Muslims believe that Jesus will return to kill [[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|Dajjal]]. Many Christians believe that Jesus would then rule for 1,000 years, while Muslims believe Jesus will rule for forty years, marry, have children and will be buried at the [[Green Dome]].<ref name=":0" />

===Muhammad===
{{Main article|Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad's views on Christians}}
Muslims believe that Muhammad was a prophet who received revelations ([[Quran]]) by God through the angel [[Gabriel]] (''Jibril''),<ref name=Lambert>{{cite book|last1=Lambert|first1=Gray|title=The Leaders Are Coming!|date=2013|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781449760137|page=287|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV0mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 }}</ref><ref name="Williams & Drew">{{cite book|author1=Roy H. Williams|author2=Michael R. Drew|title=Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future|date=2012|publisher=Vanguard Press|isbn=9781593157067|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mygRHh6p40kC&pg=PA143}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609,<ref>
*''Chronology of Prophetic Events'', Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p. 50 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
*[http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/17:105 Quran 17:105]</ref> when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein | author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | title=Qurʾān |year=2007| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=24 September 2013|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran}}</ref><ref name="LivRlgP3382"/><ref name="QuranC17V1062"/> Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Peters|first=F.E.|title=The Words and Will of God|year=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-11461-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete/page/12 12–13]|url=https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete/page/12}}</ref>

Muslims revere Muhammad as the embodiment of the perfect believer and take his actions and sayings as a model of ideal conduct. Unlike Jesus, who Christians believe was God's son, Muhammad was a mortal, albeit with extraordinary qualities. Today many Muslims believe that it is wrong to represent Muhammad, but this was not always the case. At various times and places pious Muslims represented Muhammad although they never worshiped these images.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muhammad|website=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/profilesmuhammed.html}}</ref>

During the lifetime of Muhammad, he had many [[Muhammad's views on Christians|interactions with Christians]]. One of the first Christians who met Muhammad was [[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]], a Christian priest of ancient Arabia. He was one of the first ''[[hanif]]s'' to believe in the prophecy of Muhammad.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', Online ed., "Waraqah bin. Nawfal".</ref> Muhammad also met the [[Christian community of Najran|Najrani Christians]] and [[Event of Mubahala|made peace with them]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nickel|first=Gordon D.|title="We Will Make Peace With You": The Christians of Najrān in Muqātil's Tafsir|url=https://www.academia.edu/2105686|journal=Collectanea Christiana Orientalia|date=January 2006 |hdl=10396/4112|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Mizan (Al I Imran) {{!}} PDF {{!}} Quran {{!}} Islam|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/36491521/Al-Mizan-al-i-Imran|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> One of the earliest recorded comments of a Christian reaction to Muhammad can be dated to only a few years after Muhammad's death. As stories of the Arab prophet spread to [[Christianity in Syria|Christian Syria]], an old man who was asked about the "prophet who has appeared with the [[Saracens]]" responded: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword."<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1047-5141| issue = Journal Article| pages = 19–| last = Wilken| first = Robert Louis| title = Christianity face to face with Islam| journal = First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life| date = 2009| url = http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA191315729&asid=0c4dc9ace2eac67d6dc013701641207f}}{{subscription required|via=General OneFile}}</ref>

===God===
{{Main article|Trinity|Tawhid|Islamic view of the Trinity}}
In Christianity, the most common name of God is [[Yahweh]]. In Islam, the most common name of God is [[Allah]], similar to [[Eloah]] in the Old Testament. The vast majority of the world's Christians adhere to the doctrine of the Trinity, which in creedal formulations states that God is three ''[[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]]'' ([[God the Father|the Father]], the [[God the Son|Son]] and the [[Holy Spirit|Spirit]]) in one ''[[ousia]]'' (substance). In Islam, this concept is deemed to be a denial of [[monotheism]], and thus a [[Islamic views on sin|sin]] of [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Glassé|first1=Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&q=shirk+Islam&pg=PA429|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|last2=Smith|first2=Huston|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759101906|page=429|language=en}}</ref> which is considered to be a major (''al-Kaba'ir'') sin.<ref>{{cite book |author=Siddiqui |first=Mohammad |url=http://www.islamicbookstore.com/b2448.html |title=The Major Sins : Arabic Text and English Translation of "Al Kaba'ir" (Muhammad Bin Uthman Adh Dhahabi) |publisher=Kazi Publications |year=1993 |isbn=1-56744-489-X |access-date=2017-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401010933/http://www.islamicbookstore.com/b2448.html |archive-date=2019-04-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Major Sins: Al-Kaba'r|url=http://www.jannah.org/articles/sins.html|work=Jannah.org}}</ref>  The Quran itself refers to Trinity in [[Al-Ma'ida|Al-Ma'ida 5:73]] which says "''They have certainly disbelieved who say, "Allah is the third of three." And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment''."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation|url=https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=5&verse=73|access-date=2021-07-21|website=corpus.quran.com}}</ref> Islam has the concept of [[Tawhid]] which is the concept of a single, indivisible God, who has no partners.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-10-30|title=The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)|url=http://icrs.ugm.ac.id/book/35/the-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html|access-date=2015-10-28|publisher=ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies|archive-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620064714/http://icrs.ugm.ac.id/book/35/the-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===The Holy Spirit===
{{Main article|Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit in Islam}}
Christians and Muslims have differing views about the Holy Spirit. Most Christians believe that the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] is God, and the third member of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit is generally believed to be the angel [[Gabriel]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Most Christians believe that the [[Paraclete]] referred to in the [[Gospel of John]], who was manifested on the day of [[Pentecost]], is the Holy Spirit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.today/20120708115615/http://concordances.org/p/paraclete.htm|title=Bible Concordance: Paraclete|date=July 8, 2012|website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3LIqIq9628C|title=Beiträge zur Geschichte der biblischen Exegese|first=Anthony|last=Casurella|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Mohr|via=Google Books|isbn=9783161446481}}</ref> On the other hand, some Islamic scholars believe that the reference to the [[Paraclete]] is a prophecy of the coming of Muhammad.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Anthony|first=Sean|year=2016|title=Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: new light on Ibn Isḥāq's (d. 150/767) Arabic version of John 15: 23–16: 1|url=https://www.academia.edu/12230900|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=255–278|doi=10.1017/S0041977X16000458|s2cid=163407787}}</ref>

One of the key verses concerning the Paraclete is John 16:7:
{{Blockquote|"Nevertheless I tell you the truth: It is expedient for you that I go away; for if I go not away, the Comforter[Paraclete] will not come unto you; but if I go, I will send him unto you."|}}

=== Salvation ===
{{Main|Salvation in Christianity}}
The [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]], the official doctrine document released by the Roman [[Catholic Church]], has this to say regarding Muslims:
{{Blockquote|''The Church's relationship with the Muslims.'' "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."|''Catechism of the Catholic Church''<ref name="CCC2000">{{cite book |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |edition=2nd |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |location=Vatican City |date=April 16, 2000 |isbn=978-1574551099 }} [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p3.htm ''The Church and non-Christians'' #841]</ref>}}

Protestant theology mostly emphasizes the necessity of faith in Jesus as a savior for [[Salvation#Christianity|salvation]]. Muslims may receive salvation in theologies relating to [[Universal reconciliation]], but will not according to most Protestant theologies based on [[Sola Fide|justification through faith]]:
{{Blockquote|"The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31)." | [[Martin Luther]]<ref>"The Smalcald Articles," in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1.</ref>}}

Some modern Muslim scholars critique the doctrinal aspects of Christianity. For example, [[Ismail al-Faruqi | Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi]], in his work ''[[Christian Ethics (book) | Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas]]'', argues that Christianity has incorporated various influences that diverge from Jesus' original teachings. He emphasizes the need for what he considers a rational and coherent ethical framework, contrasting Christian concepts like [[peccatism]] (inherent human sinfulness) and saviorism (belief in Jesus as the redeemer) with Islamic views. This perspective includes a critique of Christian theological paradoxes and advocates for a rational and coherent ethical framework.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Idrisi|first=Fathiyyatunnur|title=Christian Ethics: A Review from the Perspective of Al-Faruqi|journal=Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, Special Edition|volume=27|issue=2|date=January 2022|pages=1–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohd |first=Siti Hadija |title=A Structured Critical Analysis of Al-Faruqi's Christian Ethics |journal=Preprint |date=2023 |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shehu |first=Fatmir |title=Investigating Ismāʿīl Rājī al-Fārūqī's Methodology in the Study of Christianity through Selected Textual Analysis from His Christian Ethics |journal=Intellectual Discourse |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=31–55 |date=2023 |publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia Press|doi=10.31436/id.v31i1.1913 }}</ref>

The Quran explicitly promises [[salvation]] for all those righteous Christians who were there before the arrival of Muhammad:
{{Blockquote|Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.|{{qref|2|62|c=y}}}}

The Quran also makes it clear that Christians will be nearest in love to those who follow the Quran and praises Christians for being humble and wise:
{{Blockquote|You will surely find the most bitter towards the believers to be the Jews and polytheists and the most gracious to be those who call themselves Christian. That is because there are priests and monks among them and because they are not arrogant. When they listen to what has been revealed to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflowing with tears for recognizing the truth. They say, “Our Lord! We believe, so count us among the witnesses. Why should we not believe in Allah and the truth that has come to us? And we long for our Lord to include us in the company of the righteous.” So Allah will reward them for what they said with Gardens under which rivers flow, to stay there forever. And that is the reward of the good-doers.|{{qref|5|82–84|c=y}}}}