Editing Chromaffin cell (section)

==Embryonic origin and structure==
There are two types of cells that originate from the [[neural crest]] and are related to the sympathetic nervous system (originate from a cell called sympathogonia):<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.lifemapsc.com/library/review-of-medical-embryology/chapter-179-the-paraganglionic-system-the-paraganglia|title=Chapter 179. The Paraganglionic System: The Paraganglia - Review of Medical Embryology Book - LifeMap Discovery|website=discovery.lifemapsc.com|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220182718/http://discovery.lifemapsc.com/library/review-of-medical-embryology/chapter-179-the-paraganglionic-system-the-paraganglia|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#'''Neuroblasts''': These cells migrate, during the fourth to the fifth week of fetal development in humans, on both sides of the spinal cord toward the region just behind the dorsal aorta forming the two chains of sympathetic ganglia (Sympathetic chain). From these ganglia, the post synaptic sympathetic fibers will arise and extend toward their target organ. Some of these cells will migrate to the adrenal medulla to form sympathetic ganglia cells within the adrenal medulla (without postsynaptic sympathetic fibers). A tumor arising from these cells is called neuroblastoma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.lifemapsc.com/library/review-of-medical-embryology/chapter-164-the-autonomic-nervous-system-the-sympathetic-system|title=Chapter 164. The Autonomic Nervous System: The Sympathetic System - Review of Medical Embryology Book - LifeMap Discovery|website=discovery.lifemapsc.com|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505102854/http://discovery.lifemapsc.com/library/review-of-medical-embryology/chapter-164-the-autonomic-nervous-system-the-sympathetic-system|archive-date=2017-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#'''Chromaffin cells''' (or pheochromocytes): These cells will migrate to the area adjacent to the sympathetic ganglia (hence the name paraganglia) and to the adrenal medulla where they will be the most abundant type of cells. The largest extra-adrenal cluster of chromaffin cells in mammals is the [[organ of Zuckerkandl]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schober|first=Andreas|date=1 January 2013|title=Cell Loss and Autophagy in the Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Organ of Zuckerkandl are Regulated by Glucocorticoid Signalling|journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=34–47|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02367.x|pmc=3564403|pmid=23078542|author2=Parlato, Rosanna|author3=Huber, Katrin|author4=Kinscherf, Ralf|author5=Hartleben, Björn|author6=Huber, Tobias B.|author7=Schütz, Günther|author8=Unsicker, Klaus}}</ref> Tumors arising from these cell are called paragangliomas or [[Pheochromocytoma|pheochromocytomas]]. These terms can be used interchangeably but usually paraganglioma refer to a tumor originating from chromaffin cells outside the adrenal gland, which can also be called extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, whereas pheochromocytoma typically refer to a tumor originating from the chromaffin cells within the adrenal gland.<ref name=":0" />

Chromaffin cells also settle near the [[vagus nerve]] and [[carotid arteries]]. In lower concentrations, extra-adrenal chromaffin cells also reside in the [[bladder]] wall, [[prostate]], and behind the [[liver]].

In non-mammals, chromaffin cells are found in a variety of places, generally not organised as an individual organ, and may be without innervation, relying only on [[endocrine]] or [[paracrine]] signals for secretion.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Perry|first=SF|author2=Capaldo, A|title=The autonomic nervous system and chromaffin tissue: neuroendocrine regulation of catecholamine secretion in non-mammalian vertebrates.|journal=Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical|date=Nov 16, 2011|volume=165|issue=1|pages=54–66|pmid=20547474|doi=10.1016/j.autneu.2010.04.006|s2cid=42402600}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Pohorecky|first=LA|author2=Wurtman, RJ|title=Adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis.|journal=Pharmacological Reviews|date=Mar 1971|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–35|pmid=4941407|url=http://wurtmanlab.mit.edu/static/pdf/151.pdf|access-date=2013-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054827/http://wurtmanlab.mit.edu/static/pdf/151.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>