Editing Chroot (section)

==History==
The chroot system call was introduced during development of [[Version 7 Unix]] in 1979. One source suggests that [[Bill Joy]] added it on 18 March 1982&nbsp;– 17 months before [[Berkeley Software Distribution|4.2BSD]] was released&nbsp;– in order to test its installation and build system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.freebsd.org/44doc/papers/jail/jail-9.html|title=jail, section 9.|website=docs.freebsd.org|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105092247/https://docs.freebsd.org/44doc/papers/jail/jail-9.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All versions of BSD that had a kernel have chroot(2).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bsdimp.blogspot.com/2020/06/whither-chroot.html|title=Warner's Random Hacking Blog: Whither chroot?|first=Warner|last=Losh|date=February 2, 2000|access-date=June 28, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628214616/http://bsdimp.blogspot.com/2020/06/whither-chroot.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.dionresearch.com/2020/05/data-infrastructures-for-rest-of-us-iii.html|title=Data Infrastructures for the rest of us - III - software|date=17 May 2020 |access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630201639/https://blog.dionresearch.com/2020/05/data-infrastructures-for-rest-of-us-iii.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An early use of the term "jail" as applied to chroot comes from [[William Cheswick|Bill Cheswick]] creating a [[Honeypot (computing)|honeypot]] to monitor a [[Hacker (computer security)|hacker]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.cheswick.com/ches/papers/berferd.pdf |title=An Evening with Berferd: In Which a Cracker is Lured, Endured, and Studied |last1=Cheswick |first1=Bill |author-link1=William Cheswick |date=1991 |conference=[[USENIX]] |publisher=The Association |book-title=USENIX Summer Conference Proceedings, Volume 1 |pages=163 |location=San Francisco, California |access-date=2018-06-09 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012101/http://www.cheswick.com/ches/papers/berferd.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first article about a jailbreak has been discussed on the security column of SunWorld Online which is written by Carole Fennelly; the August 1999 and January 1999 editions cover most of the chroot() topics.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carole|first1=Fennelly|title=Summertime potluck|url=http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-08-1999/swol-08-security.html|website=SunWorld Online|publisher=Carole Fennelly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928155456/http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-08-1999/swol-08-security.html|archive-date=September 28, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

To make it useful for [[Operating system–level virtualization|virtualization]], [[FreeBSD]] expanded the concept and in its 4.0 release in 2000 introduced the [[FreeBSD jail|jail]] command.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/jails.html |title=FreeBSD Handbook "Jails" Chapter |last1=Riondato |first1=Matteo |website=freebsd.org |publisher=The FreeBSD Project |access-date=2018-10-30 |archive-date=2014-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815023159/http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/jails.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2002, an article written by Nicolas Boiteux described how to create a jail on Linux.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nicolas|first1=Boiteux|title=chroot shell|url=http://membres.lycos.fr:80/code34/howtochroot1a/|website=lycos.fr|publisher=Nicolas Boiteux|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021014060228/http://membres.lycos.fr/code34/howtochroot1a/|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=2002-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By 2003, first internet microservices providers with Linux jails provide SAAS/PAAS (shell containers, proxy, ircd, bots, ...) services billed for consumption into the jail by usage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Girafon|url=http://girafon.org:80/index.php?page=Girafon-hebergement-eggdrop-bot-ircd-24-pids-shell-linux-pour-un-paiement-allopass|website=girafon.org|publisher=girafon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040612194051/http://girafon.org/index.php?page=Girafon-hebergement-eggdrop-bot-ircd-24-pids-shell-linux-pour-un-paiement-allopass|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=2004-06-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By 2005, [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] released [[Solaris Containers]] (also known as Solaris Zones), described as "chroot on steroids."<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Klaus |date=2006-09-02 |title=High Availability and Disaster Recovery: Concepts, Design, Implementation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adU_AAAAQBAJ&q=Solaris+Containers+chroot&pg=PA186 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=186 |isbn=9783540345824 |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220021312/https://books.google.com/books?id=adU_AAAAQBAJ&q=Solaris+Containers+chroot&pg=PA186 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2008, [[LXC]] (upon which [[Docker (software)|Docker]] was later built) adopted the "container" terminology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/lxc/files/lxc/ |title=SourceForge LXC Download Files |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=sourceforge.net |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819223537/http://sourceforge.net/projects/lxc/files/lxc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and gained popularity in 2013 due to inclusion into [[Linux kernel]] 3.8 of [[Linux namespaces|user namespaces]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haifux.org/lectures/320/netLec8_final.pdf |title=Linux Containers and the Future Cloud |last1=Rosen |first1=Rami |date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2016-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418204630/http://www.haifux.org/lectures/320/netLec8_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>