Editing Cingulate cortex (section)

==Structure==
Based on [[Cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex|cerebral cytoarchitectonics]] it has been divided into the [[Brodmann area]]s [[Brodmann area 23|23]], [[Brodmann area 24|24]], [[Brodmann area 26|26]], [[Brodmann area 29|29]], [[Brodmann area 30|30]], [[Brodmann area 31|31]], [[Brodmann area 32|32]] and [[Brodmann area 33|33]]. The areas [[Brodmann area 26|26]], [[Brodmann area 29|29]] and [[Brodmann area 30|30]] are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas.

[[File:Spindle neurons - very high mag.jpg|thumb|right|[[Micrograph]] showing [[spindle neuron]]s of the cingulate cortex. [[H&E stain|HE]]-[[LFB stain]].]]

===Anterior cingulate cortex===
{{main|Anterior cingulate cortex}}
This corresponds to areas 24, 32 and 33 of Brodmann and LA of [[Constantin von Economo]] and Bailey and von Bonin. 
It is continued anteriorly by the '''subgenual area''' ([[Brodmann area 25]]), located below the [[genu of the corpus callosum]]).
It is cytoarchitectonically [[agranular cortex|agranular]]. It has a [[gyrus|gyral]] and a [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcal]] part. 
[[Anterior cingulate cortex]] can further be divided in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (near the genu) and midcingulate cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the [[Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus|intralaminar]] and [[Midline nuclear group|midline]] thalamic nuclei (see [[thalamus]]). 
The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the [[subiculum]]. 
The whole forms a [[neural circuit]] in the limbic system known as the [[Papez circuit]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dorland's|title=Illustrated medical dictionary|date=2 May 2011 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=978-14160-6257-8|pages=363}}</ref>
The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the [[cingulum (anatomy)|cingulum]] to other Broca's limbic areas. The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes.

===Posterior cingulate cortex===
{{main|Posterior cingulate cortex}}
This corresponds to areas 23 and 31 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. Its cellular structure is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29).{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}) of the thalamus (see [[thalamus]]), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus. Posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism (with 18F-FDG PET) has been defined in Alzheimer's disease.

===Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus===
A retrograde tracing experiment on macaque monkeys revealed that the [[ventral anterior nucleus]] (VA) and the [[ventral lateral nucleus]] (VL) of the thalamus are connected with motor areas of the cingulate sulcus.<ref name="McFarland 2000">{{cite journal | last1 = McFarland | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Haber | first2 = S. N. | year = 2000 | title = Convergent Inputs from Thalamic Motor Nuclei and Frontal Cortical Areas to the Dorsal Striatum in the Primate | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 20 | issue = 10| pages = 3798–3813 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-10-03798.2000 | pmid = 10804220 | pmc = 6772665 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The retrosplenial region (Brodmann's area 26, 29 and 30) of cingulate gyrus can be divided into three parts: ''i.e.'', retrosplenial granular cortex A, retrosplenial granular cortex B and retrosplenial dysgranular cortex.  The hippocampal formation sends dense projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and fewer projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The postsubiculum sends projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The dorsal subiculum sends projections to retrosplenial granular cortex B, while ventral subiculum sends projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A. Entorhinal cortex – caudal parts – sends projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex.<ref name="Wyss 1999">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wyass | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Van Groen | first2 = T. | doi = 10.1002/hipo.450020102 | title = Connections between the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampal formation in the rat: A review | journal = Hippocampus | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | year = 1992 | pmid =  1308170| s2cid = 14385024 }}</ref>

===Outputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus===
The rostral cingulate gyrus (Brodmanns's area 32) projects to the rostral superior temporal gyrus, midorbitofrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex.<ref name="Pandya 1981">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pandya | first1 = D. N. | last2 = Hoesen | first2 = G. W. | last3 = Mesulam | first3 = M. -M. | title = Efferent connections of the cingulate gyrus in the rhesus monkey | doi = 10.1007/BF00237497 | journal = Experimental Brain Research | volume = 42–42 | issue = 3–4 | year = 1981 | pmid =  6165607| pages=319–330| s2cid = 12274921 }}</ref>
The ventral anterior cingulate (Brodmann's area 24) sends projections to the anterior insular cortex, premotor cortex (Brodmann's area 6), Brodmann's area 8, the perirhinal area, the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 12), the laterobasal nucleus of amygdala, and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule.<ref name="Pandya 1981"/> Injecting [[wheat germ agglutinin]] and [[horseradish peroxidase]] conjugate into the anterior cingulate gyrus of cats, revealed that the anterior cingulate gyrus has reciprocal connections with the rostral part of the thalamic posterior lateral nucleus and rostral end of the [[pulvinar nuclei|pulvinar]].<ref name="Fujii 1983">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fujii | first1 = M. | title = Fiber connections between the thalamic posterior lateral nucleus and the cingulate gyrus in the cat | doi = 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90066-6 | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 137–142 | year = 1983 | pmid =  6688863| s2cid = 34795697 }}</ref>
The postsubiculum receives projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex and the retrosplenial granular cortex A and B. The parasubiculum receives projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex and retrosplenial granular cortex A. Caudal and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex get projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex, while the caudal medial entorhinal cortex receives projections from the retrosplenial granular cortex A. The retrosplenial dysgranular cortex sends projections to the perirhinal cortex. The retrosplenial granular cortex A sends projection to the rostral presubiculum.<ref name="Wyss 1999"/>

===Outputs of the posterior cingulate gyrus===
The posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's area 23) sends projections to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9), anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmanns’ area 11), the parahippocampal gyrus, posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule, the presubiculum, the superior temporal sulcus and the retrosplenial region.<ref name="Pandya 1981"/>
The retrosplenial cortex and caudal part of the cingulate cortex are connected with rostral prefrontal cortex via cingulate fascicule in macaque monkeys<ref name="Petrides 2007">{{cite journal|last=Petrides|first=M|author2=Pandya, DN|title=Efferent association pathways from the rostral prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey.|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|date=Oct 24, 2007|volume=27|issue=43|pages=11573–86|pmid=17959800|pmc=6673207|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2419-07.2007}}<!--|access-date=18 April 2013--></ref> Ventral posterior cingulate cortex was found to be reciprocally connected with the caudal part of the posterior parietal lobe in rhesus monkeys.<ref name="Cavada 1989">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cavada | first1 = C. | last2 = Goldman-Rakic | first2 = P. S. | doi = 10.1002/cne.902870402 | title = Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: I. Parcellation of areas based on distinctive limbic and sensory corticocortical connections | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 287 | issue = 4 | pages = 393–421 | year = 1989 | pmid =  2477405| s2cid = 5873407 }}</ref> Also the medial posterior parietal cortex is connected with posterior ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus.<ref name="Cavada 1989"/>

===Other connections===
The anterior cingulate is connected to the posterior cingulate at least in rabbits. Posterior cingulate gyrus is connected with retrosplenial cortex and this connection is part of the dorsal splenium of the corpus callosum. The anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus and retrosplenial cortex send projections to subiculum and presubiculum.<ref name="Adey 1951">{{Cite journal | last1 = Adey | first1 = W. R. | title = An Experimental Study of the Hippocampal Connexions of the Cingulate Cortex in the Rabbit | doi = 10.1093/brain/74.2.233 | journal = Brain | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–247 | year = 1951 | pmid =  14858747| doi-access = free }}</ref>