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Circular reasoning
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==History== The problem of circular reasoning has been noted in [[Western philosophy]] at least as far back as the [[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonist]] philosopher [[Agrippa the Skeptic|Agrippa]] who includes the problem of circular reasoning among his [[Agrippa_the_Skeptic#The_Five_Tropes|Five Tropes of Agrippa]]. The Pyrrhonist philosopher [[Sextus Empiricus]] described the problem of circular reasoning as "the reciprocal [[trope (philosophy)|trope]]": <blockquote>The reciprocal trope occurs when what ought to be confirmatory of the object under investigation needs to be made convincing by the object under investigation; then, being unable to take either in order to establish the other, we [[epoche|suspend judgement]] about both.<ref>[[Sextus Empiricus]], ''Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis'' i., from Annas, J., ''Outlines of Scepticism'' [[Cambridge University Press]]. (2000).</ref></blockquote>
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