Editing Citation index (section)

==History==
The earliest known citation index is an index of biblical citations in [[rabbinic literature]], the ''Mafteah ha-Derashot'', attributed to [[Maimonides]] and probably dating to the 12th century. It is organized alphabetically by biblical phrase. Later biblical citation indexes are in the order of the canonical text. These citation indices were used both for general and for legal study. The Talmudic citation index ''En Mishpat'' (1714) even included a symbol to indicate whether a Talmudic decision had been overridden, just as in the 19th-century ''Shepard's Citations''.<ref>Bella Hass Weinberg, "The Earliest Hebrew Citation Indexes" in Trudi Bellardo Hahn, Michael Keeble Buckland, eds., ''Historical Studies in Information Science'', 1998, p. 51''ff''</ref><ref>Bella Hass Weinberg, "Predecessors of Scientific Indexing Structures in the Domain of Religion" in W. Boyden Rayward, Mary Ellen Bowden, ''The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems'', Proceedings of the 2002 Conference, 2004, p. 126''ff''</ref> Unlike modern scholarly citation indexes, only references to one work, the Bible, were indexed.

In English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with ''Raymond's Reports'' (1743) and followed by ''Douglas's Reports'' (1783). Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting the precedential authority of the original decision.<ref name='shapiro'/> These early tables of legal citations ("citators") were followed by a more complete, book length index, Labatt's ''Table of Cases...California...'' (1860) and in 1872 by Wait's ''Table of Cases...New York...''. The most important and best-known citation index for legal cases was released in 1873 with the publication of [[Shepard's Citations]].<ref name="shapiro">{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Fred R. |title=Origins of bibliometrics, citation indexing, and citation analysis: The neglected legal literature |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science |date=1992 |volume=43 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199206)43:5<337::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-T|pages=337–339}}</ref>

William Adair, a former president of ''Shepard's Citations'', suggested in 1920 that citation indexes could serve as a tool for tracking science and engineering literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Henry |date=2018-03-02 |title=Citation Indexing Revisited: Garfield's Early Vision and Its Implications for the Future |journal=Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics |volume=3 |page=8 |doi=10.3389/frma.2018.00008 |issn=2504-0537|doi-access=free }}</ref> After learning that [[Eugene Garfield]] held a similar opinion, Adair corresponded with Garfield in 1953.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O1kw0S6iLsC |title=The Web of Knowledge: A Festschrift in Honor of Eugene Garfield |date=2000 |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |isbn=978-1-57387-099-3 |pages=16–18 |language=en}}</ref> The correspondence prompted Garfield to examine ''Shepard's Citations'' index as a model that could be extended to the sciences. Two years later Garfield published "Citation indexes for science" in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |date=1955-07-15 |title=Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.122.3159.108 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=122 |issue=3159 |pages=108–111 |doi=10.1126/science.122.3159.108 |pmid=14385826 |bibcode=1955Sci...122..108G |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1959, Garfield started a consulting business, the [[Institute for Scientific Information]] (ISI), in [[Philadelphia]] and began a correspondence with [[Joshua Lederberg]] about the idea.<ref name=":0" /> In 1961 Garfield received a grant from the [[National Institutes of Health|U.S. National Institutes of Health]] to compile a citation index for Genetics. To do so, Garfield's team gathered 1.4 million citations from 613 journals.<ref name=":1" /> From this work, Garfield and the ISI produced the first version of the ''[[Science Citation Index Expanded|Science Citation Index]]'', published as a book in 1963.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |date=1963 |title=Science Citation Index |url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/80.pdf |website=University of Pennsylvania Garfield Library |pages=v–xvi |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref>