Editing Civil list (section)

==United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, the Civil List was, until 2011, the annual grant that covered some expenses associated with the Sovereign performing their official duties, including those for staff salaries, state visits, public engagements, ceremonial functions and the upkeep of the [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom|Royal Households]]. The cost of transport and security for the [[British royal family|royal family]], together with property maintenance and other sundry expenses, were covered by separate grants from individual government departments. The Civil List was abolished under the [[Sovereign Grant Act 2011|''Sovereign Grant Act 2011'']].

=== History===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| type                  = Act
| short_title           = [[Civil List Act 1697]]
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Act for granting to His Majesty a further Subsidy of Tunnage and Poundage towards raiseing the Yearly Summ of Seven hundred thousand Pounds for the Service of His Majesties. Household & other Uses therein mencioned during His Majesties Life.
| year                  = 1697
| citation              = [[9 Will. 3]]. c. 23<br/>(Ruffhead: 9 & 10 Will. 3. c. 23)
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 5 July 1698
| repealing_legislation = [[Customs Law Repeal Act 1825]]
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp382-385
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1714}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for the better support of his Majesty's houshold and of the honour and dignity of the crown of Great Britain.
| year                  = 1714
| citation              = [[1 Geo. 1. St. 1]]. c. 1
| royal_assent          = 21 August 1714
| repeal_date           = 15 July 1867
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1867]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = [[Civil List Act 1727]]
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for the better Support of His Majesty's Household, and of the Honour and Dignity of the Crown of Great Britain.
| year                  = 1727
| citation              = [[1 Geo. 2. St. 1]]. c. 1
| royal_assent          = 17 July 1727
| repeal_date           = 15 July 1867
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1867]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = [[Civil List Act 1760]]
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for the Support of his Majesty's Household, and of the Honour and Dignity of the Crown of Great Britain.
| year                  = 1760
| citation              = [[1 Geo. 3]]. c. 1
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]; [[Scotland]]
| royal_assent          = 9 December 1760
| repeal_date           = 15 July 1867
| status                = Repealed
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1867]]
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1776}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An act for the better support of his Majesty's household, and of the honour and dignity of the crown of Great Britain.
| year                  = 1776
| citation              = [[17 Geo. 3]]. c. 21
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1871]]
| royal_assent          = 7 May 1777
| repeal_date           = 21 August 1871
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1785}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act to authorize the Lord Steward of the Household, the Lord Chamberlain, the Master of the Horse, the Master of the Robes, and the Lords of the Treasury, respectively, to pay Bounties granted by His Majesty to Persons in low and indigent Circumstances.
| year                  = 1785
| citation              = [[25 Geo. 3]]. c. 61
| royal_assent          = 20 July 1785
| repeal_date           =21 August 1871
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1871]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1804}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An act for the better Support of his Majesty's Household, and of the Honour and Dignity of the Crown of the United Kingdom; and for preventing Accumulation of Arrears in the Payments out of the Civil List Revenues.
| year                  = 1804
| citation              = [[44 Geo. 3]]. c. 80
| royal_assent          = 20 July 1804
| repeal_date           = 6 August 1872
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1872]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List (Ireland) Act 1805}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An act to amend an act made in the parliament of Ireland, for the support of the honour and dignity of his Majesty's crown in Ireland; and for granting to his Majesty a civil list establishment under certain provisions and regulations.
| year                  = 1805
| citation              = [[45 Geo. 3]]. c. 76
| royal_assent          = 2 July 1805
| repeal_date           = 6 August 1872
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1872]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Audit Act 1816}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for the better Regulation of the Civil List.
| year                  = 1816
| citation              = [[56 Geo. 3]]. c. 46
| royal_assent          = 20 June 1816
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]}}
| repealing_legislation = [[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]]
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo3/56/46/contents/enacted
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1820}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for the Support of His Majesty's Household and of the Honour and Dignity of the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
| year                  = 1820
| citation              = [[1 Geo. 4]]. c. 1
| royal_assent          = 6 June 1820
| repeal_date           = 5 August 1873
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1831}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An act for the Support of His Majesty's Household, and of the Honour and Dignity of the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
| year                  = 1831
| citation              = [[1 Will. 4]]. c. 25
| royal_assent          = 22 April 1831
| repeal_date           = 18 July 1874
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1874]]
| status                = Repealed
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = [[Civil List Act 1837]]
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for the Support of Her Majesty's Household, and of the Honour and Dignity of the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
| year                  = 1837
| citation              = 1 & 2 Vict. c. 2
| royal_assent          = 23 December 1837
| amendments            = [[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]]
| status                = amended
| use_new_UK-LEG        = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1901}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to make provision for the honour and dignity of the Crown and the Royal Family, and for the payment of certain allowances and pensions.
| year                  = 1901
| citation              = [[1 Edw. 7]]. c. 4
| royal_assent          = 2 July 1901
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1963]]
| status                = repealed
| original_text         = https://archive.org/details/lrpgsv391901/page/n25/mode/1up?view=theater
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1910}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to make provision for the honour and dignity of the Crown and the Royal Family, and for the payment of certain allowances and pensions.
| year                  = 1910
| citation              = [[10 Edw. 7. & 1 Geo. 5]]. c. 28
| royal_assent          = 3 August 1910
| commencement          = 6 May 1910
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977]]
| status                = repealed
| original_text         = {{GBurl|J0lvBg3dAHwC|page=198}}
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| collapsed             = yes
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1937}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to make provision for the honour and dignity of the Crown and the Royal Family, and for the payment of certain allowances and pensions; to enable His Majesty to assent to arrangements on behalf of any son of His Majesty being Duke of Cornwall for the payment of certain sums out of the revenues of the Duchy during the minority of the said Duke; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
| year                  = 1937
| citation              = [[1 Edw. 8. & 1 Geo. 6]]. c. 32
| royal_assent          = 10 June 1937
| repealing_legislation = [[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]]
| status                = repealed
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw8and1Geo6/1/32/contents/enacted
| use_new_UK-LEG        = no
}}
{{See also|Civil List Act 1697|Civil List Act 1727|Civil List Act 1760|Civil List Act 1837}}

Following the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, the expenses relating to the support of the monarch were largely separated from the ordinary expenses of the state managed by the [[Exchequer]]. 

[[Civil List Act 1697|In 1697]], Parliament under [[William III of England|William III]] fixed [[the Crown]]'s peacetime revenue at £1,200,000 per year; of this about £700,000 was appropriated towards the Civil List.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William III, 1697-8: An Act for granting to His Majesty a further Subsidy of Tunnage and Poundage towards raiseing the Yearly Su[m]m of Seven hundred thousand Pounds... [Chapter XXIII. Rot. Parl. 9 Gul. III. p. 4. n. 5.] {{!}} British History Online |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp382-385 |access-date=2016-06-24 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Convention and Bill of Rights |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/billofrights/ |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> The sovereigns were expected to use this to defray some of the costs of running the civil government (such as the Civil Service, judges' and ambassadors' salaries) and the payment of pensions, as well as the expenses of the Royal Household and the sovereign's personal expenses. It was from this that the term "Civil List" arose, to distinguish it from the statement of military and naval expenses which were funded through special taxation.

The 1760 accession of [[George III]] marked a significant change in royal finances. As his predecessor, George II, had failed to meet all of the specific costs of the civil government in accordance with the previous arrangement, it was decided by the [[Civil List Act 1760]] that George III would surrender the hereditary revenues from the [[Crown Estate]] to Parliament for the duration of his reign, and in return Parliament would assume responsibility for most of the costs of the civil government. Parliament would continue to pay the Civil List, which would defray the expenses of the [[Royal Household]] and some of the costs of the civil government. George III, however, retained the income from the [[Duchy of Lancaster]].

On the 1830 accession of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]], the sum voted for the Civil List was restricted to the expenses of the Royal Household, removing any residual responsibilities associated with the cost of the civil government.  This finally removed any links between the sovereign and the cost of the civil government. On the accession of [[Queen Victoria]], the [[Civil List Act 1837]]—which reiterated the principles of the civil list system and specified all prior Acts as in force—was passed. Upon the accession of subsequent monarchs down to [[Queen Elizabeth II]], this constitutional arrangement was confirmed, but the historical term "Civil List" remained even though the grant had nothing to do with the expenses of the civil government.

In 1931, [[George V]] decided to eschew the £50,000 due to him from the Civil List as a result of the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]]. As [[Keeper of the Privy Purse]], [[Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby|Sir Frederick Ponsonby]] wrote to Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] to say that George had felt it was possible to reject the grant by "exercise of the most rigid economy" and that [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] and other royal family members were "desirous that reductions in these grants should be made during this time of national crisis".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Silence of the readers |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=22 August 1992 |page=10}}</ref>

===Elizabeth II===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1952}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to make provision for the honour and dignity of the Crown and the Royal Family, as to the disposal in certain circumstances of revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall, and for the payment of certain allowances and pensions.
| year                  = 1952
| citation              = [[15 & 16 Geo. 6 & 1 Eliz. 2]]. c. 37
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 1 August 1952
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = {{ubli|Civil List Act 1972|[[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]]}}
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = amended
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = 
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
| UK-LEG_title          = Civil List Act 1952
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Civil List Act 1972
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to make further provision for the honour and dignity of the Crown and the Royal Family, and for the payment of certain allowances and pensions.
| year                  = 1972
| citation              = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1972|1972]] c. 7
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 24 February 1972
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = Civil List Act 1952
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = {{ubli||[[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977]]|[[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]]}}
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = amended
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = 
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = yes
| UK-LEG_title          = Civil List Act 1972
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1975}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to provide for supplementing out of moneys provided by Parliament the sums payable under the enactments mentioned in section 6(1) of the Civil List Act 1972; and to repeal section 5(2)(b) of that Act.
| year                  = 1975
| citation              = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1975|1975]] c. 82
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 19 December 1975
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = repealed
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1975/82/contents/enacted
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = yes
| UK-LEG_title          = Civil List Act 1975
| collapsed             = yes
}}
The last British monarch to receive Civil List payments was Elizabeth II. The Civil List for her reign lasted from her accession in 1952 until its abolition in 2012. During this period the Queen, as head of state, used the Civil List to defray some of the official expenditure of the monarchy.

Only the Queen, the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Mother]] ever received direct funding from the Civil List.<ref name=Indy_Royal>{{cite news |last=Verkaik |first=Robert |title=Royal aides want to see abolition of Civil List |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/royal-aides-want-to-see-abolition--of-civil-list-606157.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224231916/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/royal-aides-want-to-see-abolition--of-civil-list-606157.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |newspaper=The Independent|date=30 May 2002 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The then [[Prince of Wales]] and his immediate family (the [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall|Duchess of Cornwall]], the [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Duke]] and [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge|Duchess of Cambridge]], and [[Prince Harry]]) received their income from the [[Duchy of Cornwall]]. The state duties and staff of other members of the royal family were funded from a parliamentary annuity, the amount of which was fully refunded by the Queen to the Treasury.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sovereign Grant Act: main provisions |url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/leg_sovereign_grant_main_provisions.htm |publisher=HM Treasury |access-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103012814/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/leg_sovereign_grant_main_provisions.htm |archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref> The Queen's consort ([[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]) received £359,000 per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is The True Cost Of The Monarchy?|url=http://www.royalcentral.co.uk/blogs/what-is-the-true-cost-of-the-monarchy-3032|publisher=Royal Central|date=17 February 2013|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> 

The last two decades of the Civil List were marked by surpluses and deficits. Surpluses in the 1991–2000 Civil List caused by low inflation and the efforts of the Queen and her staff to make the Royal Household more efficient led to the accrual of a £35.3 million reserve by late 2000. Consequently, the Civil List was fixed at £7.9 million annually in 2001, the same amount as in 1991, and remained at that level until its abolition. The reserve was then used to make up the shortfall in the Civil List during the subsequent decade.<ref name=BBC_How>{{cite news |author=Elena Egawhary |title=How the Civil List is spent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10391693 |work=BBC News |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=30 January 2014}}</ref> The '''{{visible anchor|Civil List Act 1972}}''' (c. 7) allowed the Treasury to review the level of the payment every ten years, but only allowed for increases and not reductions.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alan |last=Travis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/30/politics.jubilee |title=Secret deals that obscure the royal finances |work=The Guardian |date=30 May 2002 |access-date=2015-09-07}}</ref>

The abolition of the Civil List was announced in the spending review statement to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 20 October 2010 by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[George Osborne]]. In its place, he said, "the Royal Household will receive a new Sovereign Support Grant linked to a portion of the revenue of the Crown Estate". The [[Crown Estate]] is a [[statutory corporation]], run on commercial lines by the Crown Estate Commissioners and generates revenue for [[HM Treasury]] every year (an income surplus of £210.7 million for the year ended 31 March 2010).<ref>{{cite web | title = News Page - 2010 Annual Results | publisher = The Crown Estate | date = 15 July 2010 | url = http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/newscontent/92-2010-annual-results.htm | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100822160837/http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/newscontent/92-2010-annual-results.htm | archive-date = 22 August 2010 }}</ref> This income is received by the Crown and given to the state as a result of the agreement reached in 1760 that has been renewed at the beginning of each subsequent reign. The [[Sovereign Grant Act 2011]] received [[royal assent]] on 18 October 2011. Under this Act, the Sovereign Grant now funds all of the official expenditure of the monarchy, not just the expenditure previously borne by the Civil List.

===Civil List pensions===
{{see also|Pensions in the United Kingdom#Civil List pensions}}
These are pensions traditionally granted by the Sovereign from the Civil List upon the recommendation of the [[First Lord of the Treasury]]. The [[Civil List Act 1837|''Civil List Act 1837'']] applied the condition that any new pensions should be "granted to such persons only as have just claims on the royal beneficence or who by their personal services to the Crown, or by the performance of duties to the public, or by their useful discoveries in science and attainments in literature and the arts, have merited the gracious consideration of their sovereign and the gratitude of their country."<ref>Civil List Act 1837 (c.2)</ref> Famous recipients include [[William Wordsworth]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The economy of literary form: English literature and the industrialization of publishing, 1800-1850|last=Erickson|first=Lee|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0801851459|location=Baltimore|pages=76|oclc=32394070}}</ref> [[William Barnes]],<ref>Chris Wrigley, 'Barnes, William (1801–1886)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1475 accessed 7 Sept 2017]</ref> [[Geraldine Jewsbury]],<ref>Joanne Wilkes, 'Jewsbury, Geraldine Endsor (1812–1880)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14815 accessed 7 Sept 2017]</ref> [[Margaret Oliphant]],<ref>
Elisabeth Jay, 'Oliphant, Margaret Oliphant Wilson (1828–1897)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20712 accessed 7 Sept 2017]</ref> [[Christopher Logue]],<ref>Jeremy Noel-Tod, 'Logue, (John) Christopher (1926–2011)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Jan 2015 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/104487 accessed 7 Sept 2017]</ref> and [[Molly Parkin]].<ref name=Parkin>{{cite news|author=Richard Eden|title=Erotic painter Molly Parkin is shocked to receive rare honour from the Queen|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/9277314/Erotic-painter-Molly-Parkin-is-shocked-to-receive-rare-honour-from-the-Queen.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 May 2012|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> ([[Lord Byron]] is often said to have received a civil list pension, but his mother was the actual recipient.<ref>Jerome J. McGann, 'Byron, George Gordon Noel, sixth Baron Byron (1788–1824)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, May 2015 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4279 accessed 7 Sep 2017]</ref>) As of 1911, a sum of £1,200 was allotted each year from the Civil List, in addition to the pensions already in force. From a Return issued in 1908, the total of Civil List pensions payable in that year amounted to £24,665. In the financial year 2012–13 the annual cost of Civil List pensions paid to 53 people was £126,293.<ref>{{cite web|title=Written Answers to Questions|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0001.htm|publisher=House of Commons Hansard|date=17 June 2013|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> New Civil List pensions continue to be awarded occasionally.<ref name=Parkin/>