Editing Clapper rail (section)

==Taxonomy==
The clapper rail was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1789 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with all the other rails in the [[genus]] ''[[Rallus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Rallus crepitans''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=713 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656206 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on those by [[Thomas Pennant]] and [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Pennant | first=Thomas | author-link=Thomas Pennant | year=1785 | title=Arctic Zoology | volume=2 | publisher=Printed by Henry Hughs | location=London, United Kingdom | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32122270 | page=407; Plate 20 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1785 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=3, Part 1 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | page=229, No. 2 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40079002 }}</ref>  The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[Long Island]], New York.<ref name=peters>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=157 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482970 }}</ref> The genus ''Rallus'' had been erected in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''Systema Naturae''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1| edition=10th | page=153 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii  | language=Latin | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727060 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''crepitans'' is [[Latin]] meaning "breaking wind" or "resounding".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=121 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n121/mode/1up }}</ref>

The clapper rail was formerly treated as a [[subspecies]] of the [[mangrove rail]] (''Rallus longirostris'').<ref name=peters/> The decision to treat the clapper rail as a separate species was based on the results of a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study that was published in 2013.<ref name=maley>{{Cite journal | last1=Maley | first1=J.M. | last2=Brumfield | first2=R.T. | date=2013 | title=Mitochondrial and next-generation sequence data used to infer phylogenetic relationships and species limits in the Clapper/King Rail complex | journal=The Condor | volume=115 | issue=2 | pages=316–329 | doi=10.1525/cond.2013.110138 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Chesser | first1=R.T. | last2=Banks | first2=R.C. | last3=Cicero | first3=C. | last4=Dunn | first4=J.L. | last5=Kratter | first5=A.W. | last6=Lovette | first6=I.J. | last7=Navarro-Sigüenza | first7=A.G. | last8=Rasmussen | first8=P.C. | last9=Remsen | first9=J.V.J. | last10=Rising | first10=J.D. | last11=Stotz | first11=D.F. | last12=Winker | first12=K. | date=2014 | title=Fifty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds | journal=The Auk | volume=131 | issue=4 | pages=CSi-CSxv | doi=10.1642/AUK-14-124.1 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=ioc/><!-- see NACC 2014-A-5 --> A [[cladogram]] based on the 2013 genetic study is as follows:<ref name=maley/>
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Virginia rail]] (''Rallus limicola'')
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Ridgway's rail]] (''Rallus obsoletus'')
         |2=[[Aztec rail]] (''Rallus tenuirostris'')
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Mangrove rail]] (''Rallus longirostris'')
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[King rail]] (''Rallus elegans'')
            |2='''Clapper rail''' (''Rallus crepitans'')
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Eight subspecies of the clapper rail are recognised:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date= August 2022 | title=Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flufftails/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=11 October 2022 }}</ref>

* ''R. c. crepitans'' Gmelin, JF, 1789 – coastal [[Connecticut]] to northeast [[North Carolina]] (USA)
* ''R. c. waynei'' [[William Brewster (ornithologist)|Brewster]], 1899 – coastal southeast USA
* ''R. c. saturatus'' [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1880 – Gulf Coast from southwest [[Alabama]] to northeast Mexico
* ''R. c. scottii'' [[George B. Sennett|Sennett]], 1888 – coastal Florida (USA)
* ''R. c. insularum'' Brooks, WS, 1920 – [[Florida Keys]] (USA)
* ''R. c. coryi'' [[Charles Johnson Maynard|Maynard]], 1887 – Bahamas
* ''R. c. caribaeus'' Ridgway, 1880 – Cuba to Puerto Rico, [[Lesser Antilles]] to [[Antigua]] and [[Guadeloupe]]
* ''R. c. pallidus'' [[Edward William Nelson|Nelson]], 1905 – north [[Yucatán Peninsula]], islands off [[Quintana Roo]] (southeast Mexico), Ycacos Lagoon ([[Belize]])