Editing Clarence Nash (section)

==Career==
===Radio career===
Nash made a name for himself in the late 1920s as an impressionist for [[KHJ (AM)|KHJ]], a [[Los Angeles]] [[radio station]], on their show, ''The Merrymakers''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/22/arts/clarence-nash-is-dead-at-80-donald-duck-s-voice-in-films.html| title=Verdugo Views: Donald Duck and his brood nested in Glendale| newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> He later was employed by the Adohr Milk Company for publicity purposes. Dubbed "Whistling Clarence, the Adohr Bird Man", Nash rode the streets with a team of [[miniature horse]]s and gave treats to the children.<ref name=":0"/> In 1932, Nash happened by the Disney Studio with his team of horses, and decided to leave a copy of his Adohr publicity sheet with the receptionist.<ref name=":0"/> As it turns out, his name was recognized from a reprise appearance on ''The Merrymakers'' a few days previous, and [[Walt Disney]] had been impressed by Nash's vocal skills. He was asked to make an informal audition.<ref name=":0"/>

[[File:ClarenceNashfootprints.JPG|thumb|left|Nash left Donald's "footprints" at the [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|Chinese Theatre]] in Hollywood.]]

===Donald Duck===
One source indicates Nash auditioned before a casting director for Walt Disney Studios and did a voice impression of a billy goat that Nash had started doing as a child in Watonga. The director then reached for the intercom and told [[Walt Disney]], "I think we have found our duck."<ref name="Watonga" /> Another version indicates Nash went through several of his voices, and Walt Disney happened by when Nash gave his impersonation of a family of [[duck]]s. Disney declared Nash perfect for the role of a talking duck in their upcoming animated short, ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]''. The duck was Donald Duck, who Nash went on to voice for 51 years, in over 120 shorts and films. The last film to feature Nash's famous voice was 1983's ''[[Mickey's Christmas Carol]]'', although he continued to provide Donald's voice for commercials, promos, and other miscellaneous material until his death.

As early as 1938, promoters from [[Lecture circuit|lecture circuits]] were approaching him on his unique voice of Donald. Disney reportedly did not like the engagements at first, feeling that a human doing the voice would be spoiling the illusion, but then long after he had second thoughts. In early 1941, Nash was traveling on personal appearance tours sponsored by Disney. During World War II, Nash, with his ventriloquist puppet of Donald, which was built by Disney's character modeling department, became a regular performer at [[USO]] bond rallies and other events to support the war effort. In the mid-1940s, Roy and Walt approved the Donald puppet and they decided to harness it for the 1944 re-release  of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] and Disney were unsure how the film would do the second time around at the box office after its initial blockbuster run, so they did a promotional campaign with Disney characters including Nash performing with the Donald puppet. During the promotional period of ''[[Fun and Fancy Free]]'', he did multiple radio appearances from May to September 1947, with one of those appearances starring Disney himself. He voiced Donald for 1950s TV commercials.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=J.B.|title=Promoting 'Fun and Fancy Free'|url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/promoting-fun-and-fancy-free/|website=[[Jerry Beck|Cartoon Research]]|access-date=September 1, 2020|date=August 31, 2020}}</ref>

Nash's Donald Duck voice was achieved by what is called [[buccal speech]]: an [[Alaryngeal speech|alaryngeal]] form of [[Speech production|vocalization]] which uses the inner cheek to produce sound rather than the [[larynx]].<ref name="buccal">{{cite journal | last1=Weinberg | first1=Bernd | last2=Westerhouse | first2=Jan | title=A Study of Buccal Speech | journal=Journal of Speech and Hearing Research | publisher=American Speech Language Hearing Association | volume=14 | issue=3 | year=1971 | issn=0022-4685 | doi=10.1044/jshr.1403.652 | pages=652–658| pmid=5163900 }} also published as {{cite journal | last1=Weinberg | first1=B. | last2=Westerhouse | first2=J. | title=A Study of Buccal Speech | journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | publisher=Acoustical Society of America (ASA) | volume=51 | issue=1A | year=1972 | issn=0001-4966 | doi=10.1121/1.1981697 | pages=652–8| pmid=5163900 | bibcode=1972ASAJ...51Q..91W | doi-access=free }}</ref> He first discovered it while trying to mimic his pet goat Mary. In his days before Disney, Nash performed in [[vaudeville]] shows where he often spoke in a "nervous baby goat" voice.<ref>{{cite book|last=Blitz |first=Marcia |title=Donald Duck |year=1979 |publisher=[[Harmony Books]]|isbn=978-0-517-52961-4 |page=19}}</ref>

Donald Duck became one of the world's most famous cartoon characters, in great part due to Nash's voice.{{cn|date=November 2022}} The voice is distinctive both for its ducklike quality and the fact that it is often very difficult for anybody to understand, especially when Donald flew into a rage (which happened fairly often). To keep Donald's voice consistent throughout the world, Nash voiced the character in all foreign languages the Disney shorts were translated to (with the aid of the [[Phonetic transcription|phonetic alphabet]]), meaning Donald retained his same level of incoherency all across the globe.{{clear left}}

===Other characters===
In addition to Donald's voice, Clarence Nash also voiced Donald's nephews [[Huey, Dewey and Louie]] and his girlfriend [[Daisy Duck|Daisy]], and [[Mickey Mouse]] in ''Plutopia'', ''[[R'coon Dawg]]'', ''[[Pluto's Party]]'' and ''[[Pluto's Christmas Tree]]''. He provided the meows and yowls of [[Figaro (Disney)|Figaro]] the kitten and some donkey brays in ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'' and in a handful of shorts. He also did some bird sounds in ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', voiced a bullfrog in ''[[Bambi]]'' and Mr. Bluebird in ''[[Song of the South]]'', did some dog sounds in ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' and background bird sounds in ''[[Enchanted Tiki Room]]'', and voiced [[Jiminy Cricket]] for a brief period of time after [[Cliff Edwards]]'s death in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/198701/Clarence-Nash/biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519033825/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/198701/Clarence-Nash/biography|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 19, 2015|title=Movies|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015|access-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name="LA Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-21-mn-619-story.html|title=50-Year Career: Clarence Nash, Donald Duck's Voice, Dies|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 21, 1985|last=Folkart|first=Burt A.|access-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Filmfax">{{cite magazine|last=J. M. Catsos|first=Gregory|url=https://archive.org/details/ClarenceNashFilmfaxNo26/page/n5/mode/2up|title=Clarence "Ducky" Nash|magazine=Filmfax|issue=26|publisher=Filmfax Magazine|date=April 1991|pages=95|access-date=February 17, 2025}}</ref><ref name="CartoonVoices1">{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Keith|title=Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2|date=3 October 2022|publisher=BearManor Media|page=|language=en}}</ref>

Nash's iconic Donald Duck voice would be impersonated elsewhere in animation, most notably in the ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' cartoons directed by [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]] with the character [[Little Quacker]] (voiced by [[Red Coffey]]) and Hanna-Barbera's [[Yakky Doodle]] (voiced by [[Jimmy Weldon]]),<ref name="Duck Imitations">{{Cite web|url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-original-voice-of-donald-duck-clarence-nash-part-2/|title=The Original Voice of Donald Duck: Clarence Nash, Part 2|date=2022-04-01|access-date=2022-06-29|website=Cartoon Research|last=Korkis|first=Jim}}</ref> while [[Harry E. Lang]] did Donald Duck-like voices in cartoons at [[MGM Cartoons]] and [[Columbia Pictures]], including [[Tom Cat]] in the early shorts whenever he hisses.<ref name="CartoonVoices2">{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Keith|title=Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 1|date=3 October 2022|publisher=BearManor Media|page=136-160|language=en}}</ref> As with most Hanna-Barbera productions, these characters used celebrity impersonations, in these cases an impersonation of Clarence Nash's Donald Duck voice. Because both were much similar to Nash's voice they were often mistakenly attributed to Nash.<ref name="Duck Imitations"/> Likewise, contrary to popular belief, he did not perform the duck voice for [[Rick Dees]]' "[[Disco Duck]]", which was done by one of Dees' acquaintances.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Galindo|first1=Brian|title=Did You Shake Your Tail Feather To "Disco Duck"?|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/did-you-shake-your-tail-feather-to-disco-duc|website=buzzfeed.com|access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Nash would also use his duck voice on ''[[The Burns & Allen Show]]'' during the 1940s, playing Gracie's pet duck Herman.<ref name="Filmfax"/>

Nash appeared as himself in the 1941 film ''[[The Reluctant Dragon (1941 film)|The Reluctant Dragon]]'', which shows how Disney films were produced, and was a contestant on a 1954 episode of ''[[What's My Line]]''<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/7NpqJl7xHxw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724163407/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NpqJl7xHxw Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NpqJl7xHxw |title=What's My Line|publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 11, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and a 1964 episode of ''[[To Tell the Truth]]''.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/bjPCBF_z6WA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220234747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjPCBF_z6WA&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjPCBF_z6WA|title=To Tell the Truth|publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 10, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Nash also appeared as himself in a 1956 episode of ''[[Walt Disney anthology television series|Disneyland]]'' entitled "[[A Day in the Life of Donald Duck]]", in which he interacts with an animated Donald who blames him for his speech problems: the two end up arguing mainly due to Donald's short temper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLhW51HMNUY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416123559/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLhW51HMNUY|archive-date=2014-04-16|url-status=dead|title=Disneyland - 2.18 - A Day in the Life of Donald Duck - Part 1 of 4|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> He was also a guest on a 1976 episode of ''[[The Mike Douglas Show]]''. The 1984 special ''[[Donald Duck's 50th Birthday]]'' included several clips from Disney films and ''Disneyland'' episodes.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/912bPA5iE8Q Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150706180215/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=912bPA5iE8Q Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=912bPA5iE8Q |title=DONALD DUCK 50th BIRTHDAY SPECIAL-#3-Clarence Nash-Star Wars |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=December 12, 1954|access-date=September 11, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Later years===
When Disney shut down their shorts department in 1962, Nash continued to voice Donald in various projects over the next two decades. In 1971, he devoted himself to charity work, making personal visits to hospitals and homes and entertaining children with his Donald Duck voice.<ref name="LA Times"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Oklahomans: Clarence Nash|url=https://www.madillrecord.net/news/famous-oklahomans-clarence-nash|date=December 19, 2024|publisher=Madill Record|access-date=February 17, 2025}}</ref> As he passed the age of 70, he found the harsh voice increasingly straining on his throat and so limited public performances to groups of children. During recording sessions, he would take frequent breaks and drink plenty of water to avoid overexerting himself.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

One of Nash's final performances was in ''[[Mickey's Christmas Carol]]'' (1983), which made Donald the only character in the film to be voiced by his original actor. His career at Disney was the subject of the premiere episode of ''[[Disney Family Album]]'', a 1984 series of documentaries about behind-the-scenes personalities at the studio.