Editing Claudication (section)

==Types==

=== Intermittent vascular ===
{{main|Intermittent claudication}}
Intermittent vascular (or arterial) claudication (Latin: ''claudicatio intermittens'') most often refers to cramping pains in the buttock or leg muscles, especially the calves. It is caused by poor [[circulatory system|circulation]] of the blood to the affected area, called [[Peripheral artery disease|peripheral arterial disease]]. The poor blood flow is often a result of [[Atherosclerosis|atherosclerotic blockages]] more [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] to the affected area;<ref name=PMID17413176>{{cite journal |vauthors=Simon RW, Simon-Schulthess A, Simon-Schulthess A, Amann-Vesti BR |title=Intermittent claudication |journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7596 |pages=746 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17413176 |pmc=1847882 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39036.624306.68}}</ref> individuals with intermittent claudication may have [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] — often undiagnosed.<ref name=PMID12637405>{{cite journal |vauthors=Burns P, Gough S, Bradbury AW |title=Management of peripheral arterial disease in primary care |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7389 |pages=584–8 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12637405 |pmc=1125476 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7389.584}}</ref> Another cause, or exacerbating factor, is [[Sitting disease|excessive sitting]] (several hours), especially in the absence of reasonable breaks, along with a general lack of walking or other exercise that stimulates the legs.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Spinal or neurogenic===
{{main|Neurogenic claudication}}
Spinal or neurogenic claudication is not due to lack of blood supply, but rather it is caused by nerve root compression or [[stenosis]] of the spinal canal,<ref name=PMID19796387>{{cite journal |vauthors=Comer CM, Redmond AC, Bird HA, Conaghan PG |title=Assessment and management of neurogenic claudication associated with lumbar spinal stenosis in a UK primary care musculoskeletal service: a survey of current practice among physiotherapists |journal=BMC Musculoskelet Disord |volume=10|pages=121 |year=2009 |pmid=19796387 |pmc=2762954 |doi=10.1186/1471-2474-10-121 |doi-access=free }}</ref> usually from a degenerative spine, most often at the [[Lumbar vertebrae|"L4-L5" or "L5-S1" level]].  This may result from many factors, including bulging disc, [[Spinal disc herniation|herniated disc]] or fragments from previously herniated discs (post-operative), scar tissue from previous surgeries, [[osteophyte]]s (bone spurs that jut out from the edge of a vertebra into the foramen, the opening through which the nerve root passes).  In most cases neurogenic claudication is bilateral, i.e. symmetrical.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

=== Jaw ===

[[Jaw claudication]] is pain in the [[jaw]] or [[ear]] while chewing.  This is caused by insufficiency of the arteries supplying the jaw muscles, associated with [[giant cell arteritis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiter S, Winocur E, Goldsmith C, Emodi-Perlman A, Gorsky M |title=Giant cell arteritis misdiagnosed as temporomandibular disorder: a case report and review of the literature |journal=J Orofac Pain |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=360–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19888487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rieck KL, Kermani TA, Thomsen KM, Harmsen WS, Karban MJ, Warrington KJ |title=Evaluation for Clinical Predictors of Positive Temporal Artery Biopsy in Giant Cell Arteritis |journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg |date=July 2010 |pmid=20674120 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.02.027 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=36–40}}</ref>