Editing Clayton Ruby (section)

==Early life and education==
Ruby was born in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], to Marie (Bochner) and Toronto property developer and publisher Louis W. Ruby.<ref name="WhoWho">{{cite book|title=Canadian Who's Who Search|publisher=Grey House Publishing Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-eloquent-civil-rights-lawyer-clayton-ruby-followed-his-powerful-moral/ | title=Eloquent civil rights lawyer Clayton Ruby followed his powerful moral compass | newspaper=The Globe and Mail | date=4 August 2022 | last1=Fitterman | first1=Lisa }}</ref> Ruby received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[York University]] in 1963. He earned a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from the [[University of Toronto]] in 1969, and was [[called to the bar]] in 1969.

In 1971, Ruby was the defense counsel for Brian Dodge, one of the prisoners charged with kidnaping for taking six prison guards hostage during the [[1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot|Kingston Penitentiary riot]].{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=210}} Ruby told the courtroom in his defense of his client on 17 August 1971: "The motive was different from the ordinary run-of-the-mill event. It was not for profit or for escape, but to try to better the prison system they lived in".{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=210}} Later in 1971, Ruby was one of the defense counsel at the trial of the "Kingston 13" charged with a torture-murder session during the [[1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot|Kingston Penitentiary riot]] again defending Dodge.{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=248}} About the secret meetings chaired by Justice [[William Henderson (Canadian politician)|William Henderson]] that ended the trial with plea bargains for the accused, Ruby told the media: "I'm rather amazed that anyone should find what occurred at the Kingston trial to be in any way improper or unusual".{{sfn|Fogarty|2021|p=248}} In 1973, he earned a [[Master of Laws]] from the [[University of California, Berkeley]].