Editing Cleveland Abbe (section)

==Early life and education==
Cleveland Abbe was born in New York City in 1838 and grew up in the prosperous merchant family of George Waldo and Charlotte Colgate Abbe.<ref name="LeonardMarquis1908">{{harvnb|Leonard|Marquis|1908|p=1}}</ref> One of his younger brothers, [[Robert Abbe|Robert]], became a prominent surgeon and radiologist. In school, Cleveland excelled in mathematics and chemistry, attending [[David B. Scott Grammar School]], and graduating in 1857 from the [[City College of New York|Free Academy]] with a Bachelor of Arts.<ref name=wws>{{harvnb|Debus|1968|p=2}}</ref> While at City College, he learned under [[Oliver Wolcott Gibbs]].<ref name=rg>{{harvnb|Reingold|1970|p=6}}</ref> 

He tutored mathematics at the [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity Latin School]] in [[New York City]] in 1857 and 1858.<ref name=hum/> He then taught engineering, as an assistant professor at the [[University of Michigan]]{{refn|group=nb|One source states that he taught engineering at the [[Michigan Agricultural College]] instead.<ref name=hum/>}} in 1859, followed by a tutoring job, also in engineering, until he left in 1860.<ref name=wws/><ref name=hum/> During this stay in Michigan, he also was studying astronomy under [[Franz Brünnow]] from 1858 to 1859. He received his second degree, a Master of Arts in 1860, from City College. When the [[US Civil War]] broke out, he tried to join the Union Army; however, he failed the vision test, due to [[myopia]], and spent the war years in Cambridge, Massachusetts, attending [[Harvard]], and working as an assistant to [[Benjamin Apthorp Gould|Benjamin Gould]], astronomer and head of the Longitude Department of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|United States Coast Survey]].<ref name=hum/> He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard in 1864, which also marked the end of his working at the U.S. Coast Survey.<ref name=wws/> It was while in Cambridge that he rubbed shoulders with scientists from the [[American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac|Nautical Almanac]], specifically, [[William Ferrel]], which probably piqued his meteorological curiosity.<ref name=rg/> 

He then studied abroad in Russia at the [[Pulkovo Observatory|Observatory of Pulkovo]], as a guest, and returned, in 1866, to the U.S. eager to study [[astronomy]]. It was said that he was his happiest while in Russia as like-minded intellectuals surrounded him, formed a relationship with [[Otto Struve]], and enjoyed the scenery.<ref name=hum/>