Editing Climbing (section)

==Rock-based==

[[Rock climbing]] can trace its [[history of rock climbing|origins to the late 19th-century]], and has since developed into several main sub-disciplines. Single-pitch and multi-pitch (and big wall) climbing, can be performed in varying styles (including aid, sport, traditional, free solo, and top-roping), while the standalone discipline of [[bouldering]] (or boulder climbing) is by definition performed in a free solo format.<ref name=FOH>{{cite book | date=October 2010 | title=[[Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills]] | edition=8th | isbn=978-1594851384 | publisher=Quiller Publishing | editor=Ronald C. Eng | chapter=Chapter 12: Leading in Rock | pages=255–276}}</ref><ref name=HTRC13>{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022|pages=335–369 | chapter=Chapter 13: Multi-pitch climbing}}</ref>

* [[Pitch (climbing)|Single pitch climbing]] means ascending climbs that are a single rope-length (up to 50-metres) while [[multi-pitch climbing]] (and [[big wall climbing]]) means ascending [[climbing route|routes]] that are many rope-lengths (even up to 1,000-metres). These two rock climbing sub-disciplines can be conducted in one of several ways:<ref name=FOH/><ref name=HTRC13/>

:* [[Aid climbing]] is a form of rock climbing that uses artificial aids such as [[aider]]s, [[piton]]s, and other mechanical devices to assist in ascending a route.  Much of rock climbing began as aid climbing, and even by the 1970s, many big wall routes required aid (e.g. ''[[The Nose (El Capitan)|The Nose]]'' and the ''[[Salathé Wall]]'').<ref name=MFOH15>{{cite book | date=2018 | title=[[Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills]] | edition=9th | isbn=978-1846892622 | publisher=Quiller Publishing | author=[[The Mountaineers (club)|The Mountaineers]] |chapter=Chapter 15. Aid and Big Wall Climbing | pages=276–317}}</ref>

:* [[Sport climbing]] is a form of rock climbing that uses no artificial aids (which is known as [[free climbing]]), but does rely on permanent fixed [[bolt (climbing)|bolt]]s (or [[piton]]s), for use as [[protection (climbing)|protection]] while climbing (but not as aid); was started in the 1980s in France and now makes up the world's [[List of grade milestones in rock climbing|hardest]] climbs (e.g.  ''[[Silence (climb)|Silence]]'').<ref name=SC>{{cite book|title=Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success|author=Andrew Bisharat|date=6 October 2009|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI8TCgAAQBAJ&q=climbing+deadpoint+dyno&pg=PT73 | publisher=[[Mountaineers Books]] | isbn=978-1594852701|accessdate=23 August 2023 | chapter= Chapter 1: Ethics, Style and Emergence of Sport Climbing}}</ref><ref name=HTRC11>{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | pages=291–310 | chapter=Chapter 11: Sport Climbing | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022}}</ref>

:* [[Traditional climbing]] is a form of rock climbing that uses no artificial aids (and is thus free climbing) but unlike sport climbing, the climbers place removable protection such as [[Spring-loaded camming device|SCLD]]s and [[Nut (climbing)|nuts]] while ascending that are removed by the second climber; has many famous routes (e.g. ''[[Indian Face]]'', ''[[Cobra Crack]]'').<ref name=HTRC12>{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | pages=311–334 | chapter=Chapter 12: Trad Climbing | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022}}</ref>

:* [[Free solo]]ing is a form of rock climbing that uses no artificial aids (and is thus also free climbing) and where the climber uses no protection (neither sport nor traditional); thus any fall while free soloing could be fatal; [[deep-water soloing]] is a form of free soloing where a fall will result in landing into safe water. The 2017 free solo of ''[[Freerider (climb)|Freerider]]'' became the Oscar-winning film, ''[[Free Solo]]''.<ref name=CFS>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/people/free-solo-rock-climbing-alex-honnold-history/ | title=Free Solo Rock Climbing and the Climbers Who Have Defined the Sport | first=Alison | last=Osius | date=4 June 2022 | accessdate=26 November 2022}}</ref>

:* [[Top rope climbing]] is a form of rock climbing that uses no artificial aids but as the sole form of protection, uses a pre-fixed rope secured to the top of the route (i.e. is used on single-pitches), and thus should the climber fall, they simply hang off the rope with no risk of any injury; it is not regarded as free climbing but is a popular and safe way to introduce people to free climbing (and common on [[climbing wall]]s).<ref name=HTRC10>{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022 | chapter=Chapter 9: Top roping | pages=235–258}}</ref>

* [[Bouldering]]: means ascending boulders or small outcrops with no artificial aids (free climbing) and due to the lower height, with no protection (making bouldering a form of free soloing); very tall boulders where a fall could be serious (i.e. up to 10-metres) are known as [[Bouldering#Highball bouldering|highball bouldering]]. Many [[List of grade milestones in rock climbing#Solved by men|milestones]] in bouldering (e.g. ''[[Midnight Lightning (climb)|Midnight Lightning]]'', ''[[Dreamtime (climb)|Dreamtime]]'' and ''[[Burden of Dreams (climb)|Burden of Dreams]]'') were created by practitioners of bouldering and free climbing.