Editing Clitic (section)

==Classification==
{{confusing|section|reason=it is unclear which words or parts of words are clitics in the examples|date=July 2014}}

Clitics fall into various categories depending on their position in relation to the word they connect to.<ref name="crystal" />

=== Proclitic ===

A proclitic appears before its host.<ref name="crystal" />

=== Enclitic ===

An enclitic appears after its host.<ref name="crystal" />
*[[Latin]]: [[SPQR|Senatus ''Populus'''''que''' Romanus]]
*:"Senate ''people''-'''and''' Roman" = "The Senate and people of Rome"
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''tener'''''lo'''
*:"to have '''it'''"
*[[Ancient Greek]]: ''ánthrōpoí'' ('''-te''') ''theoí'' '''-te'''
*:"''people'' ('''and''') ''gods'' '''and'''" = "(both) men and gods"
*[[Sanskrit]]: ''naro gajaś'''-ca''''' नरो गजश्च i.e. "naraḥ gajaḥ ca" नरस् गजस् -च with [[sandhi]]
*:"''the man the elephant and''" = "the man and the elephant"
*Sanskrit: [[Namaste|Namas'''te''']] < ''namaḥ'' + ''te'', ([[Devanagari]]: नमः + -ते = नमस्ते), with sandhi change ''namaḥ'' > ''namas''.
*: "''bowing to you''"
*[[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Nevím, chtělo'''-li by se mi si to tam však''' také vyzkoušet''.
*:"'''However''' ('''''však'''''), I do not know (''nevím''), '''if''' ('''''-li''''') '''it''' '''would''' ('''''by''''') want (''chtělo '''se''''') to try (''vyzkoušet '''si''''') '''it''' ('''''to''''') '''to me''' ('''''mi''''') '''there''' ('''''tam''''') as well (''také'')." (= However, I'm not sure if I would like to try it there as well.)
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''idu eṉ pū'' = இது என் பூ (This is my flower). With enclitic '''-vē''', which indicates certainty, this sentence becomes
*:idu eṉ pū'''vē''' = இது என் பூவே (This is ''certainly'' my flower)
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''idi nā puvvu'' = ఇది నా పువ్వు (This is my flower). With enclitic '''-ē''', which indicates certainty, this sentence becomes
*:Idi nā puvv'''ē''' = ఇది నా పువ్వే (This is ''certainly'' my flower)
*[[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''Rahaga'''gi''' vaene'' means "Poor even having money". Enclitic '''-gi''' with the [[comitative]] case turns "with/having something" into "even with/having something". Without the enclitic, the saying would be "rahaga vaene", which would mean that the [[Predicate (grammar)|predicate]] is "poor, but has money" (compared to "poor even having money", having money won't make a difference if the predicate is poor or not).

=== Endoclitic ===

Some authors postulate endoclitics, which split a stem and are inserted between the two elements. For example, they have been claimed to occur between the elements of bipartite verbs (equivalent to English verbs such as ''take part'') in the [[Udi language]].<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Harris
 | first = Alice C.
 | year = 2002
 | title = Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = Oxford
 | isbn=0-19-924633-5
}}
</ref> Endoclitics have also been claimed for [[Pashto language|Pashto]]<ref>[[Craig Kopris|Craig A. Kopris]] & Anthony R. Davis ([[Apptek|AppTek]], Inc. / StreamSage, Inc.), September 18, 2005.  Endoclitics in Pashto: Implications for Lexical Integrity ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060507073023/http://morbo.lingue.unibo.it/mmm/mm5-abstracts/kopris-davis.pdf abstract pdf])</ref> and [[Degema language|Degema]].<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Kari
 | first = Ethelbert Emmanuel
 | year = 2003
 | title = Clitics in Degema: A Meeting Point of Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax
 | publisher = Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
 | location = Tokyo
 | isbn=4-87297-850-1
}}
</ref>
However, other authors treat such forms as a sequence of clitics docked to the stem.<ref name=Haspelmath>[https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/007071 Martin Haspelmath (2022) 'Types of clitics in the world’s languages']</ref>

=== Mesoclitic ===

A ''mesoclitic'' is a type of clitic that occurs between the [[Word stem|stem]] of a verb and its affixes. Mesoclisis is rare outside of formal standard Portuguese, where it is predominantly found. In Portuguese, mesoclitic constructions are typically formed with the infinitive form of the verb, a clitic pronoun, and a lexicalized tense affix.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vigário |first=Marina |title=The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn_bWSNjMisC |date=2011 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110900927 |page=270 |quote=...according to the analysis of Duarte and Matos (2000), mesoclitic constructions are formed by the infinitive form of the verb, a clitic pronoun and a "lexicalized T-affix."}}</ref>

For example, in the sentence ''conquistar-'''se'''-á'' ("it will be conquered"), the reflexive pronoun "se" appears between the stem ''conquistar'' and the future tense affix ''á''. This placement of the clitic is characteristic of mesoclisis. Other examples include ''dá-'''lo'''-ei'' ("I will give it") and ''matá-'''la'''-ia'' ("he/she/it would kill her"). These forms are typically found much more frequently in written Portuguese than in spoken varieties. Additionally, it is possible to use two clitics within a verb, as in ''dar-'''no'''-'''lo'''-á'' ("he/she/it will give it to us") and ''dar-'''ta'''-ei'' (''ta'' = ''te'' + ''a'', "I will give it/her to you").<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Duarte |first1=Inês |last2=Matos |first2=Gabriela |title=Romance Clitics and the Minimalist Program |date=2000 |editor-last=Costa |editor-first=João |pages=116–142 |publisher=Oxford University Press |hdl=10451/43757 |isbn=0-19-512575-4 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10451/43757}}</ref>

This phenomenon is possible due to the historical evolution of the Portuguese synthetic future tense, which comes from the fusion of the infinitive form of the verb and the finite forms of the auxiliary verb ''haver'' (from Latin ''habēre''). This origin explains why the clitic can appear between the verb stem and its tense marker, as the future tense was originally a separate word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vigário |first=Marina |title=The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn_bWSNjMisC |date=2011 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110900927 |page=270}}</ref>

Colloquial [[Turkish language|Turkish]] exhibits an instance of a mesoclitic where the conjunction enclitic ''de'' ("also, as well") is inserted after the gerundive suffix ''-e'' connecting the verb stem to the potential suffix ''-(e)bilmek'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|date=2005|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|page=101|language=English|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-34076-0}}</ref> effectively rendering it in its original auxiliary verb form ''bilmek'' (to know). Suffixed auxiliary verbs cannot be converted into individual verbs in Standard Turkish, and the gerundive suffix is considered an [[separable verb|inseparable]] part of them.

{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2|top=Standard Turkish:
| Gidebilirim de, gitmeyebilirim de.
| go-POT-AOR-1SG also, go-NEG-POT-AOR-1SG also.
| Maybe I'll go, maybe I won't.}}

{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2|top=Colloquial Turkish:
| Gide de bilirim, gitmeye de bilirim.
| go-GER also know-AOR-1SG, go-NEG-GER also know-AOR-1SG.
| Maybe I'll go, maybe I won't.
|bottom=Because there is no standard form of this expression, it is also written together as ''"Gidedebilirim, gitmeyedebilirim."''}}