Editing Cloacal exstrophy (section)

== Cloacal exstrophy males reassigned and raised as females ==
Between 1960 and 2000,<ref name=":1" /> doctors believed XY males with cloacal exstrophy would be happier socially as females, and surgically reassigned them. This occurred under the belief that humans were born psychosexually neutral. The practice proved controversial, after follow-ups by [[William Reiner]] found that many struggled to adhere to a female gender identity, had masculine interests, were attracted to females, or reverted to the male sex spontaneously or upon learning they were genetic males.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=J. Michael |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281747420 |title=The Man Who Would Be Queen |date=2003 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |isbn=978-0309084185 |pages=48–52 |format=PDF}}</ref>

According to [[J. Michael Bailey]]:<ref name=":0" />{{Blockquote|text=Reiner thinks that all the cloacal cases born as boys would be happier as boys rather than girls, because their brains have been biologically prepared for the male role. He thinks that those who remain girls are at best missing out, and at worst are experiencing great inner torment. He thinks their parents should tell them and, essentially, let them choose their sex.}}In terms of their sexual orientations, a 2016 academic review by [[J. Michael Bailey]] found 7 published cases of genetic males who were reassigned as females at birth and raised as girls, 5 of whom were cloacal exstrophy cases. All were strongly attracted to females.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=J. Michael |last2=Vasey |first2=Paul L. |last3=Diamond |first3=Lisa M. |last4=Breedlove |first4=S. Marc |last5=Vilain |first5=Eric |last6=Epprecht |first6=Marc |date=2016 |title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.1177/1529100616637616 |issn=1529-1006 |doi-access=free|pmid=27113562 }}</ref> According to a 2015 article in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', Wiliam Reiner has followed up on the sexual orientations of approximately 70 genetic males who were raised as females. Only one reported having sexual attractions to males, "I’m more convinced than ever that sexual orientation is built in... certainly for males" he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swidey |first=Neil |date=23 August 2015 |title=What makes people gay? (An update) |url=http://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2015/08/22/what-makes-people-gay-update/8Mos2MXHvX5JsxP7AzW9RJ/story.html |access-date= |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |archive-date=20 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820112932/http://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2015/08/22/what-makes-people-gay-update/8Mos2MXHvX5JsxP7AzW9RJ/story.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> A 2023 review by Swift-Gallant et al. cited an additional two cases from media reports, both of whom were [[gynephilic]] (attracted to women).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Swift-Gallant |first1=Ashlyn |last2=Aung |first2=Toe |last3=Rosenfield |first3=Kevin |last4=Dawood |first4=Khytam |last5=Puts |first5=David |date=2023-09-20 |title=Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374055009 |journal=Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=347 |doi=10.1007/s40750-023-00226-x |issn=2198-7335 |url-access= |via=Springer}}</ref>

Reiner's results have caused some doctors to reconsider the practice of sex reassigning genetic males.<ref name=":0" /> A 2011 study found that 79% of paediatric urologists surveyed favoured male assignment for genetic males with cloacal exstrophy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=David A. |last2=Burns |first2=Jeffrey P. |last3=Huang |first3=Lin |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |last5=Retik |first5=Alan B. |date=2011 |title=Gender Assignment for Newborns With 46XY Cloacal Exstrophy: A 6-Year Followup Survey of Pediatric Urologists |url=http://www.jurology.com/doi/10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.101 |journal=Journal of Urology |language=en |volume=186 |issue=4S |pages=1642–1648 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.101 |pmid=21862059 |issn=0022-5347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Cases in the media ===

* Joe Holliday, a British cloacal exstrophy male who was reassigned and raised as a female. Holliday had masculine interests and is attracted to females. He found out he was a genetic male at age 25, and reverted to living as a male.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Nigel |date=10 August 2015 |title=Joe (27) was raised a female on medical advice. He feels his identity was stolen as a baby and wants it back |url=https://www.spaldingvoice.co.uk/joe-27-was-raised-a-female-on-medical-advice-he-feels-his-identity-was-stolen-as-a-baby-and-wants-it-back/ |access-date= |website=The Voice of Spalding and South Holland |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* Sophie Ottaway, a British cloacal exstrophy male who was reassigned and raised as a female. Ottaway found out about her genetic sex at age 22. She retained female identity, although believes the reassignment was incorrect. She is attracted to women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Calkin |first=Jessamy |date=2023-08-25 |title='The doctors changed my gender at two days old – 22 years later, I discovered the truth' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/sophie-ottaway-rare-birth-defect-gender-surgery/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name=":2" />