Editing Cochlear implant (section)

==History==
[[File:1994 Spectra 22 processor.jpg|thumb|200x200px|1994 body-worn Cochlear Spectra processor. Early cochlear implant users utilized body-worn processors like this one]]
[[File:Cochlear implant user.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Cochlear implant recipient utilizing a behind-the-ear processor]]

André Djourno and Charles Eyriès invented the original cochlear implant in 1957. Their design distributed stimulation using a single channel.<ref name="Svirsky2017">{{cite journal |last1=Svirsky |first1=Mario |title=Cochlear implants and electronic hearing |journal=Physics Today |date=August 2017 |volume=70 |issue=8 |pages=52–58 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3661 |bibcode=2017PhT....70h..52S }}</ref>

[[William F. House|William House]] also invented a cochlear implant in 1961.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news| vauthors = Martin D |title=Dr. William F. House, Inventor of Pioneering Ear-Implant Device, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/health/dr-william-f-house-inventor-of-cochlear-implant-dies.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 2012 |access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref> In 1964, Blair Simmons and [[Robert L. White (engineer)|Robert L. White]] implanted a single-channel electrode in a patient's cochlea at Stanford University.<ref name="MudryHist">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mudry A, Mills M | title = The early history of the cochlear implant: a retrospective | journal = JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery | volume = 139 | issue = 5 | pages = 446–453 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23681026 | doi = 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.293 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, research indicated that these single-channel cochlear implants were of limited usefulness because they cannot stimulate different areas of the cochlea at different times to allow differentiation between low and mid to high frequencies as required for detecting speech.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clark G | title = The multi-channel cochlear implant: past, present and future perspectives | journal = Cochlear Implants International | volume = 10 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 2–13 | date = 2009 | pmid = 19127562 | doi = 10.1179/cim.2009.10.Supplement-1.2 | s2cid = 30532987 }}</ref>
[[File:Robin Michelson.jpg|thumb|Robin Michelson - Early creator of the Cochlear Implant]]
The next step in the development of the CI was its clinical trial on a cohort of patients. In the late 1960's Robin Michelson and colleague Melvin Bartz construct a cochlear device with biocompatible materials that can be implanted in human patients. This system is implanted in 4 patients, and the report of the hearing results represent a watershed for clinically applicable cochlear implants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hearing Device Timeline |url=https://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/did/timeline/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=beckerexhibits.wustl.edu}}</ref> Robin Michelson, Robert Schindler, and Michael Merzenich at the University of California, San Francisco, conducted these experiments in 1970 and 1971. Michelson, a clinical pioneer, and Merzenich, a talented basic scientist with a solid foundation in neurophysiology, was an integral element in the development of the UCSF cochlear implant team. Michelson was recognized for implanting a single-channel device into a congenitally deaf woman. She demonstrated auditory sensations from stimulation, as well as pitch perception for stimulus frequencies less than 600 Hz. Unfortunately, This patient had no word recognition. His pioneering work was presented, but not well-received at the 1971 annual meeting of the American Otological Society (Michelson, 1971 and Merzenich et al., 1973).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eshraghi |first1=Adrien A. |last2=Nazarian |first2=Ronen |last3=Telischi |first3=Fred F. |last4=Rajguru |first4=Suhrud M. |last5=Truy |first5=Eric |last6=Gupta |first6=Chhavi |date=2012 |title=The Cochlear Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=295 |issue=11 |pages=1967–1980 |doi=10.1002/ar.22580 |issn=1932-8494 |pmc=4921065 |pmid=23044644}}</ref> In 1973, the first international conference on the "electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve as a treatment for profound sensorineural deafness in man" was organized in San Francisco. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mudry |first1=Albert |last2=Mills |first2=Mara |date=May 2013 |title=The early history of the cochlear implant: a retrospective |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23681026/ |journal=JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=446–453 |doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2013.293 |issn=2168-619X |pmid=23681026}}</ref> 

[[NASA]] engineer Adam Kissiah started working in the mid-1970s on what would become the modern cochlear implant. Kissiah used his knowledge learned while working as an electronics instrumentation engineer for NASA. This work took place over three years, when Kissiah would spend his lunch breaks and evenings in [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy Space Center's]] technical library, studying the impact of engineering principles on the inner ear. In 1977, NASA helped Kissiah obtain a patent for the cochlear implant; Kissiah later sold the patent rights.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GrDmgR15ZEC |title=Spinoff 2003: 100 Years of Powered Flight |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-16-067895-0 |location=Washington, D.C. |chapter=Hearing is Believing |chapter-url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20030099659}}</ref>

The modern multi-channel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by two separate teams—one led by [[Graeme Clark (doctor)|Graeme Clark]] in Australia and another by [[Ingeborg Hochmair]] and her future husband, [[Erwin Hochmair]] in Austria, with the Hochmairs' device first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award: Modern cochlear implant|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/modern-cochlear-implant/|publisher=The Lasker Foundation|access-date=14 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>