Editing Cockade (section)

==18th century==
[[File:Coccarda FRANCIA.svg|thumb|The [[cockade of France]], which originated and spread among the revolts of the [[French Revolution]]]]
[[File:Coccarda ITALIA.svg|thumb|The [[cockade of Italy]], on which the [[national colours of Italy]] were based in 1789]]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.<ref name="google31">{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic|author=Newman, S.P.|date=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780812200478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvKSSSZzrBoC&pg=PA161|page=161|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental [[Military uniform|uniforms]], cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|page=22|title=Military Fashion|year=1972 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}</ref>

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's [[tricorne]] or [[cocked hat]], or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasty was all white.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. &#91;A Chap-book.&#93;|date=1814|publisher=J. Evans & Son|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2|page=2|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Cobbett's Political Register|author=Cobbett, W.|date=1814|volume=25|publisher=William Cobbett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hxbAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT219|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Paris: Biography of a City|author=Jones, C.|date=2006|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9780141941912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SsbYzVMR9gC&pg=PT356|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> In the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] supporters of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]ian monarchy used a black cockade.<ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794|author=Cormack, W.S.|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoYNr3k9I9kC&pg=PA65|page=65|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars|author1=Hofschröer, P.|author2=Fosten, B.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780965178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbqHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google8">{{cite book|title=Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England|author=Jones, G.M.|date=1827|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732/page/n36 22]|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google9">{{cite book|title=British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783|author=Franklin, C.|date=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=9781848846906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0DYFfcfgdsC&pg=PA111|page=111|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 [[Gordon Riots]] in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.<ref name="google10">{{cite book|title=Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident|author=Babington, A.|date=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317397717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-SoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|page=21|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google11">{{cite book|title=The Covent Garden Journal ...|author=Stockdale, J.J.|date=1810|publisher=J.J. Stockdale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA130|page=130|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google12">{{cite book|title=Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy|author=Livingston, D.W.|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226487175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VP6Xjt8R1sC&pg=PA275|page=275|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google13">{{cite book|title=The popular educator|author=Popular educator|date=1767|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDECAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA254|page=254|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google14">{{cite book|title=Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital|author=Bloom, C.|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137029362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pg5BR2DS40C&pg=PA147|page=147|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="google15">{{cite book|title=The Vagabond|author1=Walker, G.|author2=Verhoeven, W.M.|date=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=9781460404256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eARoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|page=253|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google16">{{cite book|title=Clifford for ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc|author1=CLIFFORD, H.|author2=Brandon, J.|date=1809|publisher=John Fairburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edpZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA19|page=19|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google17">{{cite book|title=The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain|author1=Haywood, I.|author2=Seed, J.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521195423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae9sYCAFJB4C&pg=PA107|page=107|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

During the [[American Revolution]], the [[Continental Army]] initially wore cockades of various colors as an ''ad hoc'' form of rank insignia, as General [[George Washington]] wrote:

{{blockquote |As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the [[subalterns]] green.<ref name="defense">{{cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|publisher=archive.defense.gov|title=Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military|access-date=2017-03-05|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123063615/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="google18">{{cite book|title=American archives|author=Force, P.|date=1844|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9785885286961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oTAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1745|pages=2–1745|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>}}

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when [[Franco-American relations#France and the American Revolution|France became an ally of the United States]], the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".<ref name="google19">{{cite book|title=LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run|author1=Field, R.|author2=Hook, A.|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781782009214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKWqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|page=47|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google20">{{cite book|title=Early American Drama|author=Richards, J.H.|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9781101177211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLpLlr1gBBoC&pg=PA68|page=68|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google21">{{cite book|title=Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC|author=Winkle, K.J.|date=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=9780393240573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQBVqYGnyfIC&pg=PT67|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google22">{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google23">{{cite book|title=The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865|author=Fahs, A.|date=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807899298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LV3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|page=43|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

In the [[Storming of the Bastille]], [[Camille Desmoulins]] initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the [[Charles X of France|Count of Artois]]. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the [[Coat of arms of Paris|arms of Paris]]: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade,  thus producing the original [[cockade of France]].<ref name="google22"/> Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

The [[cockade of Italy]] is one of the [[national symbols of Italy|national symbols of the country]] and is composed of the [[National colours of Italy|three colours]] of the [[Italian flag]] with the green in the centre, the white immediately outside and the red on the edge.<ref name="castellalfero">{{Cite web|url=http://www.castellalfero.net/public/x/modules/news/print.php?storyid=2255|title=La Coccarda alla Biblioteca Museo Risorgimento|access-date=7 May 2017|language=it}}</ref> The cockade, a revolutionary symbol, was the protagonist of the uprisings that characterized the [[Italian unification]], being pinned on the jacket or on the hats in its tricolour form by many of the patriots of this period of [[history of Italy|Italian history]]. The Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time in [[Genoa]] on 21 August 1789,<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=662 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> and with it the colours of the three Italian national colours.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/> Seven years later, the first tricolour military banner was adopted by the [[Lombard Legion]] in [[Milan]] on 11 October 1796,<ref name="difesa">{{cite web|url=http://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/LEsercito_del_primo_Tricolore.pdf|title=L'Esercito del primo Tricolore|access-date=8 March 2017|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071221/http://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/LEsercito_del_primo_Tricolore.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> and eight years later, the birth of the [[flag of Italy]] had its origins on 7 January 1797, when it became for the first time a national flag of an Italian sovereign State, the [[Cispadane Republic]].<ref name="quirinale-pdf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/tricolore/tricolore.pdf|title=I simboli della Repubblica|language=it|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006182656/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/tricolore/tricolore.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>