Editing Coinfection (section)

==Poliovirus==

Poliovirus is a [[positive-strand RNA virus|positive single-stranded RNA virus]] in the family ''[[picornavirus|Picornaviridae]]''.    Coinfections appear to be common and several pathways have been identified for transmitting multiple virions to a single host cell.<ref>Aguilera ER, Pfeiffer JK. Strength in numbers: Mechanisms of viral co-infection. Virus Res. 2019;265:43-46. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.003</ref>  These include transmission by virion aggregates, transmission of viral [[genome]]s within membrane vesicles, and transmission by [[bacteria]] bound by several viral particles. {{cn|date=July 2021}}

Drake demonstrated that poliovirus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Drake JW | title = Interference and multiplicity reactivation in polioviruses | journal = Virology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 244–64 | date = August 1958 | pmid = 13581529 | doi = 10.1016/0042-6822(58)90073-4 }}</ref>  That is, when polioviruses were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infections of host cells, viable progeny could be formed even at UV doses that inactivated the virus in single infections. Poliovirus can undergo [[genetic recombination]] when at least two viral [[genome]]s are present in the same host cell.  Kirkegaard and Baltimore<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kirkegaard K, Baltimore D | title = The mechanism of RNA recombination in poliovirus | journal = Cell | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–43 | date = November 1986 | pmid = 3021340 | pmc = 7133339 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90600-8 }}</ref> presented evidence that [[RNA-dependent RNA polymerase]] (RdRP) catalyzes recombination by a copy choice mechanism in which the RdRP switches between [[positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(+)ssRNA]] templates during negative strand synthesis.  Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptive mechanism for transmitting an undamaged genome to virus progeny.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barr JN, Fearns R | title = How RNA viruses maintain their genome integrity | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 91 | issue = Pt 6 | pages = 1373–87 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20335491 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.020818-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE | title = Sex in microbial pathogens | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | volume = 57 | pages = 8–25 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29111273 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018InfGE..57....8B }}</ref>