Editing Coldstream Guards (section)

==History==

===English Civil War===
The origin of the Coldstream Guards lies in the [[English Civil War]] when [[Oliver Cromwell]] gave Colonel [[George Monck]] permission to form his own regiment as part of the [[New Model Army]]. Monck took men from the regiments of [[George Fenwick (Parliamentarian)|George Fenwick]] and [[Arthur Haselrig|Sir Arthur Haselrig]], five companies each, and on 13 August 1650 formed '''Monck's Regiment of Foot'''.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.coldstreamguards-boro.org/Regimental%20History.htm|title=History of the Coldstream Guards|access-date=26 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906170010/http://coldstreamguards-boro.org/Regimental%20History.htm|archive-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> Less than two weeks later, this force took part in the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]], at which the [[Roundhead]]s defeated the forces of [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart]].<ref name=history/>

After [[Richard Cromwell]]'s abdication, Monck gave his support to the Stuarts, and on 1 January 1660 he crossed the [[River Tweed]] into [[England]] at the village of [[Coldstream]], from where he made a five-week march to [[London]]. He arrived in London on 2 February and helped in [[English Restoration|the Restoration]] of the monarchy. For his help, Monck was given the [[Order of the Garter]] and his regiment was assigned to keep order in London. However, the new parliament soon ordered his regiment to be disbanded along with all of the other regiments of the New Model Army.<ref name=history/>

Before that could happen, Parliament was forced to rely on the help of the regiment against the rebellion by the [[Fifth Monarchists]] led by [[Thomas Venner]] on 6 January 1661. The regiment defeated the rebels and on 14 February the men of the regiment symbolically laid down their arms as part of the New Model Army and were immediately ordered to take them up again as a royal regiment of '''The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards''', a part of the [[Household Troops]].{{sfn|Harwood|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nfw_z24jG5AC&pg=PA38 38]}}

The regiment was placed as the second senior regiment of Household Troops, as it entered the service of the Crown after the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Regiment of Foot Guards]], but it answered to that by adopting the motto ''Nulli Secundus'' (''Second to None'') as the regiment is older than the senior regiment. The regiment always stands on the left of the line when on parade with the rest of the Foot Guards, so standing "second to none". When Monck died in 1670, the [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|Earl of Craven]] took command of the regiment and it adopted a new name, the '''Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards'''.<ref name=history/>

<gallery widths="165px" heights="200px">
File:David Morier (1705^-70) - Grenadiers, 1st and 3rd Regiments of Foot Guards and Coldstream Guards, 1751 - RCIN 405597 - Royal Collection.jpg|British Foot Guards in 1751 by [[David Morier]]
File:Robert Orme, by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|Lt Robert Orme (1756) by Sir Joshua Reynolds
File:Hughes & Mullins after Cundall & Howlett - Heroes of the Crimean War - Joseph Numa, John Potter, and James Deal of the Coldstream Guards.jpg|Crimean War: Joseph Numa, John Potter and James Deal of the Coldstream Guards
</gallery>

===Overseas service (1685–1900)===
The regiment saw active service in [[Flanders]] and in the [[Monmouth Rebellion]], including the decisive [[Battle of Sedgemoor]] in 1685. It fought in the [[Battle of Walcourt]] in 1689, the [[Battle of Landen]] and the [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Siege of Namur]].<ref name=history/>

In 1760, the 2nd Battalion was sent to Germany to campaign under Prince [[Ferdinand of Brunswick]] and fought in the [[Battle of Wilhelmstal]] and at the Castle of Amöneburg. Three Guards companies of 307 men under Coldstream commander Colonel [[Edward Mathew]] fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=history/>
[[File:Castle of Hougoumont during the Battle of Waterloo.jpg|thumb|right|Coldstream Guards defending [[Hougoumont]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], 1815.]]
The Coldstream Regiment saw extensive service in the wars against the [[French Revolution]] and in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Under the command of Sir [[Ralph Abercrombie|Ralph Abercromby]], it defeated French troops in [[Egypt]]. In 1807, it took part in the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|investment of Copenhagen]]. In January 1809, it sailed to [[Portugal]] to join the forces under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]]. In 1814, it took part in the [[Battle of Bayonne]], in France, where a [[:fr:Siège de Bayonne#Cimetière des Coldsteam Guards|cemetery]] keeps their memory. The 2nd Battalion joined the [[Walcheren Expedition]]. Later, it served as part of the 2nd Guards Brigade in the Chateau [[Hougoumont]] where they resisted French assaults all day during the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. This defence is considered one of the greatest achievements of the regiment, and an annual ceremony of "Hanging the Brick" is performed each year in the Sergeants' Mess to commemorate the efforts of [[James Graham (soldier)|Cpl James Graham]] and [[James Macdonnell (British Army officer)|Lt-Col James Macdonnell]], who shut the North Gate after a French attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shinycapstar.com/waterloo.htm|title=Coldstream Guards: Waterloo|publisher=Shinycapstar.com|access-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709130358/http://www.shinycapstar.com/waterloo.htm|archive-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]] himself declared after the battle that "the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont".<ref>Roberts, p. 58</ref>

The regiment was later part of the British occupation forces of [[Paris]] until 1816.<ref name=history/>

During the [[Crimean War]], the Coldstream Regiment fought in the battles of [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]] and [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854)|Sevastopol]]. On its return, four men of the regiment were awarded the newly instituted [[Victoria Cross]].<ref name=history/>

The regiment received its current name, the '''Coldstream Guards''', in 1855. In 1882, it was sent to Egypt against the rebels of [[Ahmed 'Urabi]] and in 1885 in the Suakin Campaign. In 1897, the Coldstreamers were reinforced with the addition of a 3rd battalion. The 1st and 2nd battalions were dispatched to [[South Africa]] at the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name=history/> During the conflict, they would prove instrumental at the [[Battle of Belmont (1899)|Battle of Belmont]], and were also present at [[Battle of Graspan|Graspan]], [[Battle of Modder River|Modder River]], [[Battle of Magersfontein|Magersfontein]], [[Battle of Driefontein|Driefontein]], [[Battle of Diamond Hill|Diamond Hill]], [[Battle of Bergendal|Belfast]], and were also involved in hunting [[Christiaan de Wet]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Army |first=The British |title=English:  A description of all units, casualties, and battles of the Second Boer War |date=1903-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appendix_-_Boer_War_Units_and_Casualties.pdf |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
[[File:Coldstreams Guards at Diamond Hill.jpg|left|thumb|1st Coldstream Guards at the [[Battle of Diamond Hill]], 1900]]

===1900–present===
At the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], the Coldstream Guards was among the first British regiments to arrive in France after Britain declared war on Germany. In the following battles, it suffered heavy losses, in two cases losing all of its officers. At the [[First Battle of Ypres]], the 1st battalion was virtually annihilated: by 1 November down to 150 men and the Lt Quartermaster. The regiment fought at [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|the Somme]], [[Battle of Ginchy|Ginchy]] and in the [[3rd Battle of Ypres]]. The regiment also formed the 4th (Pioneer) Battalion, which was disbanded after the war, in 1919. The 5th Reserve battalion never left Britain before it was disbanded.<ref name=history/>

When the [[Second World War]] began, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Coldstream Guards were part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) in France;<ref name=history/> whilst the 3rd Battalion was on overseas service in the Middle East. Additional 4th and 5th battalions were also formed for the duration of the war. They fought extensively, as part of the [[Guards Armoured Division]], in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] and Europe as dismounted infantry. The 4th battalion first became a motorized battalion in 1940 and then an armoured battalion in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/39/a2773839.shtml|title='Cuckoo' the German Panther in Service with the 4th Battalion Coldstream Guards|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>[[File:The Battle of Passchendaele, July-november 1917 Q6046.jpg|thumb|4th Coldstream Guards during the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], 1917.]]

Coldstreamers gave up their tanks at the end of the war, the new battalions were disbanded, and the troops distributed to the 1st and 2nd Guard Training Battalions.<ref name=history/>

After the war, the 1st and 3rd battalions served in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. The 2nd battalion served in the [[Malayan Emergency]]. The 3rd battalion was placed in suspended animation in 1959. The remaining battalions served during the [[Mau Mau rebellion]] from 1959 to 1962, in [[Aden]] in 1964, in [[Mauritius]] in 1965, in the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974 and several times in [[Northern Ireland]] after 1969.<ref name=history/>

The Regimental Band of the Coldstream Guards was the first act on stage at the [[Wembley]] leg of the 1985 [[Live Aid]] charity concert. It played for the [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Princess Diana|Princess of Wales]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5xqZxCsremc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120831064904/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xqZxCsremc&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xqZxCsremc|title=Live Aid Introduction: Prince & Princess Royal Salute|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=26 April 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 1991, the 1st battalion was dispatched to the first [[Gulf War]], where it was involved in prisoner of war handling and other roles. In 1993, due to [[Options for Change|defence cutbacks]], the 2nd battalion was placed in suspended animation.<ref name=history/>

For much of the 1990s, the 1st Battalion was stationed in [[Münster]], Germany, in the Armoured Infantry Role with Warrior APCs as part of the [[British 4th Armoured Brigade|4th Armoured Brigade]]. In 1993–1994, the battalion served as an armoured infantry battalion in peacekeeping duties in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] as part of [[UNPROFOR]].<ref name=history/>

[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU254.jpg|thumb|[[World War II]] – 5th Coldstream Guards enter [[Arras]], 1 September 1944]]The battalion was posted to [[Derry]], Northern Ireland, on a two-year deployment in 2001. It then deployed to Iraq in April 2005 for a six-month tour with the rest of 12th Mechanised Brigade, based in the south of the country. The battalion lost two of its soldiers, on 2 May, near [[Al Amarah]] and on 18 October at [[Basra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/fatalities/sergeant-chris-hickey-of-1st-battalion-the-coldstream-guards-killed-in-iraq|title=Sergeant Chris Hickey of 1st Battalion the Coldstream Guards killed in Iraq|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=20 October 2005|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

[[Des Browne]], [[Secretary of State for Defence]], announced on 19 July 2007 that in October 2007 the battalion was to be sent to [[Afghanistan]] as part of [[52nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|52 Infantry Brigade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2007-07-19/debates/070719101000002/AfghanistanRoulement|title=Afghanistan: Roulement|publisher=Hansard|date=19 July 2007|access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

In October 2009, the battalion was deployed on [[Operation Herrick]] 11, with units deploying to the Babaji area of central [[Helmand Province]], Afghanistan, playing a major role in [[Operation Moshtarak]] in February 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/fatalities/lieutenant-douglas-dalzell-killed-in-afghanistan|title=Lieutenant Douglas Dalzell killed in Afghanistan|date=18 February 2010|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

Before the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010]] the battalion was part of the [[12th Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|12th Mechanised Brigade]] in a light infantry role. Under [[Army 2020]] it transferred to [[London District (British Army)|London District]] as a public duties battalion, then in 2019 it joined the [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=8 April 2019|title=Trooping the Colour 2000 (The Preamble)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_MXpUwgfu0| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526021136/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_MXpUwgfu0| archive-date=2019-05-26 | url-status=dead|access-date=19 July 2020|website=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2007|title=1st Bn, Coldstream Guards: Service|url=http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/guards/f2cg-1.htm|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216215857/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/guards/f2cg-1.htm|archive-date=16 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2009|title=12 Mechanized Brigade – British Army Website|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/10115.aspx|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417212013/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/10115.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref>  It will move to 4 Light Brigade Combat Team by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/media/14919/adr010310-futuresoldierguide_25nov.pdf|title=Future Soldier Guide|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>