Editing Collaboration (section)

==Historical examples ==
===Trade===
Trade began in [[prehistoric]] times and continues because it benefits all of its participants. Prehistoric peoples bartered goods and services with each other without a modern currency. [[Peter Watson (business writer)|Peter Watson]] dates the [[History of international trade|history of long-distance commerce]] from [[Wiktionary:circa|circa]] 150,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book | author=Watson, Peter | title=Ideas : A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2005| isbn=978-0-06-621064-3}} Introduction.</ref> Trade exists because different communities have a [[comparative advantage]] in the production of tradable goods.

===Roman Empire===
The [[Roman Empire]] used collaboration through ruling with visible control, which lasted from 31BC until (in the [[Byzantine Empire|east]]) 1453CE, across around fifty countries. The growth of trade was supported by the stable administration of the Romans.<ref name="Witzel, M. 2016">Witzel, M. (2016), A History of Management Thought, 2nd Edition, Routledge</ref> Evidence shows that the Roman Empire and [[Julius Caesar]] were influenced by the Greek writer [[Xenophon]]'s ''The Education of Cyrus'' on leadership.<ref name="Witzel, M. 2016"/> This says that 'social bonds, not command and control, were to be the primary mechanisms of governance'. Classics professor [[Emma Dench]] notes that the Roman Empire extended its [[Roman citizenship|citizenship]] "to enemies, former enemies of state, to people who'd helped them. The Romans were incredibly good at co-opting people and ideas."<ref>Pazzanese, C., [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/03/leadership-tips-from-ancient-rome/ Leadership tips from ancient Rome], ''Harvard Gazette'', published 7 March 2016, accessed 14 March 2023</ref> The Romans created a stable empire that benefitted both ruled and allied countries. Gold and silver were [[currency|currencies]] created by the Romans which supported a market economy, leading to trading within the Roman Empire and taxes.{{clarify|date=March 2023}}

=== Hutterite, Austria (founded 16th century) ===
In [[Hutterites|Hutterite]] communities housing units are built and assigned to individual families, but belong to the colony with little personal property. Meals are taken by the entire colony in a common long room.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hutterites: The Small Religious Colonies Entwined With Montana's Haute Cuisine|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/17/626543100/hutterites-the-small-religious-colonies-entwined-with-montanas-haute-cuisine|newspaper=NPR|date=17 July 2018|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27|last1=Ogletree|first1=Kelsey}}</ref>

=== Oneida Community, Oneida, New York (1848) ===
The [[Oneida Community]] practiced ''Communalism'' (in the sense of communal property and possessions) and ''Mutual Criticism'', where every member of the community was subject to criticism by committee or the community as a whole, during a general meeting. The goal was to remove bad character traits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oneida Community {{!}} utopian religious community|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oneida-Community|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

=== Kibbutzim (1890) ===
A [[kibbutz]] is an Israeli collective community. The movement combines [[socialism]] and [[Zionism]] seeking a form of practical [[Labor Zionism]]. Choosing communal life, and inspired by their own ideology, kibbutz members developed a communal mode of living. The kibbutzim lasted for several generations as [[utopian]] communities, although most became capitalist enterprises and regular towns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-the-kibbutz-movement|title=The Kibbutz & Moshav: History & Overview|last=Rubinstein|first=Amnon|date=July 10, 2007|website=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref>

=== Manhattan Project ===
The [[Manhattan Project]] was a collaborative project during [[World War II]] among the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] that developed the first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]. It was a collaborative effort by the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Canada]].

The value of this project as an influence on organized collaboration is attributed to [[Vannevar Bush]]. In early 1940, Bush lobbied for the creation of the [[National Defense Research Committee]]. Frustrated by previous bureaucratic failures in implementing technology in World War I, Bush sought to organize the scientific power of the United States for greater success.<ref name="bennis_biederman" />

The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a [[nuclear testing|test detonation]] of a [[plutonium]] implosion bomb on July 16 (the [[Trinity test]]) near [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]]; an [[enriched uranium]] bomb code-named "[[Little Boy]]" on August 6 over [[Hiroshima]], Japan; and a second [[plutonium]] bomb, code-named "[[Fat Man]]" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan.