Editing Collaborative software (section)

==History==
{{See also|Multi-user dungeon|Intelligence amplification#Douglas Engelbart: Augmenting Human Intellect}}

[[Douglas Engelbart]] first envisioned collaborative computing in 1951 and documented his vision in 1962,<ref>[http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504035147/http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html |date=2011-05-04 }}, Douglas C. Engelbart, 1962</ref> with [[NLS (computer system)|working prototypes]] in full operational use by his research team by the mid-1960s.<ref>[http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3954.html A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect], Douglas C. Engelbart and William K. English, 1968.</ref> He held the first public demonstration of his work in 1968 in what is now referred to as "[[The Mother of All Demos]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/dougs-1968-demo.html |title=1968 Demo Overview and Links to Video |publisher=Dougengelbart.org |access-date=2014-06-25}}</ref> The following year, Engelbart's lab was hooked into the [[ARPANET]], the first computer network, enabling them to extend services to a broader userbase.

Online collaborative gaming software began between early networked computer users. In 1975, [[Will Crowther]] created [[Colossal Cave Adventure]] on a [[DEC PDP-10]] computer. As internet connections grew, so did the numbers of users and multi-user games. In 1978 [[Roy Trubshaw]], a student at [[University of Essex]] in the United Kingdom, created the game MUD (Multi-User Dungeon).

The [[US Government]] began using truly collaborative applications in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99362&dl=GUIDE&coll=GUIDE&CFID=107391064&CFTOKEN=53017578 |chapter=Learning from user experience with groupware |doi=10.1145/99332.99362 |publisher=Portal.acm.org |access-date=2014-06-25|title=Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW '90 |pages=291–302 |year=1990 |last1=Bullen |first1=Christine V. |last2=Bennett |first2=John L. |isbn=0897914023 |s2cid=5295874 }}</ref> One of the first robust applications was the Navy's Common Operational Modeling, Planning and Simulation Strategy (COMPASS).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.cwid.js.mil/public/CWIDFctShtSuccesses21Mar08.doc Heritage of Delivering Successful Warfighting Solutions]</ref> The COMPASS system allowed up to 6 users to create point-to-point connections with one another; the collaborative session only remained while at least one user stayed active, and would have to be recreated if all six logged out. MITRE improved on that model by hosting the collaborative session on a server into which each user logged. Called the Collaborative Virtual Workstation (CVW), it allowed the session to be set up in a virtual file cabinet and virtual rooms, and left as a persistent session that could be joined later.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Maybury/publication/220423771_Expert_Finding_for_Collaborative_Virtual_Environments/links/00b495295de7a430ec000000.pdf?disableCoverPage=true Collaborative virtual environments for analysis and decision support], Mark Mayburry</ref>

In 1996, [[Pavel Curtis]], who had built MUDs at [[PARC (company)|PARC]], created PlaceWare, a server that simulated a one-to-many auditorium, with side chat between "seat-mates", and the ability to invite a limited number of audience members to speak. In 1997, engineers at [[GTE]] used the PlaceWare engine in a commercial version of MITRE's CVW, calling it InfoWorkSpace (IWS). In 1998, IWS was chosen as the military standard for the standardized Air Operations Center.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ezenia.com/news/infoworkspace-saves-lives-in-iraq/|title = (Press Release) InfoWorkSpace saves lives in Iraq - Ezenia!, Inc|publisher = Ezenia.com|access-date = 2014-06-25}}</ref> The IWS product was sold to [[General Dynamics]] and then later to Ezenia.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ezenia.com/products/products-infoworkspace/|title = (Press Release) InfoWorkSpace - Ezenia!, Inc|publisher = Ezenia.com|access-date = 2014-06-25|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527023159/http://www.ezenia.com/products/products-infoworkspace/|archive-date = 2014-05-27}}</ref>

===Groupware===
Collaborative software was originally designated as ''groupware'' and this term can be traced as far back as the late 1980s, when Richman and Slovak (1987)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richman|first1= Louis S |last2= Slovak |first2=Julianne |date=June 8, 1987 |title= SOFTWARE CATCHES THE TEAM SPIRIT New computer programs may soon change the way groups of people work together -- and start delivering the long-awaited payoff from office automation.fouttoune |publisher=Money.cnn.com |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1987/06/08/69109/index.htm}}</ref> wrote: "Like an electronic sinew that binds teams together, the new ''groupware'' aims to place the computer squarely in the middle of communications among managers, technicians, and anyone else who interacts in groups, revolutionizing the way they work."

In 1978, Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz coined the term groupware; their initial 1978 definition of groupware was, "intentional group processes plus software to support them." Later in their article they went on to explain groupware as "computer-mediated culture... an embodiment of social organization in hyperspace." Groupware integrates co-evolving human and tool systems, yet is simply a single system.<ref name="Johnson-Lenz">{{cite web|url=http://nexus.awakentech.com:8080/at/awaken1.nsf/UNIDs/CFB70C1957A686E98825654000699E1B?OpenDocument|title=Rhythms, Boundaries, and Containers|last=Johnson-Lenz|first=Peter|date=30 April 1990|publisher=Awakening Technology|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909120159/http://nexus.awakentech.com:8080/at/awaken1.nsf/UNIDs/CFB70C1957A686E98825654000699E1B?OpenDocument|archive-date=9 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the early 1990s the first commercial groupware products were delivered, and big companies such as [[Boeing]] and [[IBM]] started using electronic meeting systems for key internal projects. [[IBM Lotus Notes|Lotus Notes]] appeared as a major example of that product category, allowing remote group collaboration when the internet was still in its infancy. Kirkpatrick and Losee (1992)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=D. |last2=Losee |first2=S. |date=March 23, 1992 |title= HERE COMES THE PAYOFF FROM PCs New network software lets brainstormers around a table all ''talk'' at once on their keyboards. The result: measurable productivity gains from desktop computing |url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/03/23/76204/index.htm | work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> wrote then: "If <small>GROUPWARE </small> really makes a difference in productivity long term, the very definition of an office may change. You will be able to work efficiently as a member of a group wherever you have your computer. As computers become smaller and more powerful, that will mean anywhere." In 1999, Achacoso created and introduced the first wireless groupware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://merysis.blogspot.com/2012/02/first-wireless-groupware-hits-palmtops.html|title=First Wireless Groupware Hits Palmtops: GroupServe Launches its Wireless-Accessible Discussion Service.|date=December 7, 1999|website=merysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2000/01/31/newscolumn2.html |title=GroupServe gets $1M, new executive director |last=Richardson |first=Jake | work=[[American City Business Journals]] |date=January 31, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20000403/carriers/groupserve-markets-quotin-time-communications-quot-to-wireless-business-customers|title=GroupServe markets "in-time communications" to wireless business customers|date=1999-11-30 |website=RCR Wireless News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref>