Editing Collective action (section)

==The social identity model==
Researchers Martijn van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, and Russell Spears conducted a meta-analysis of over 180 studies of collective action, in an attempt to integrate three dominant socio-psychological perspectives explaining antecedent conditions to this phenomenon – injustice, efficacy, and identity.<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)">{{cite journal|last1 = van Zomeren|first1 = M.|last2=Postmes|first2=T.|last3=Spears|first3=R.|title = Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives |journal = Psychological Bulletin|volume = 134| issue = 4| pages = 504–535|year = 2008|doi = 10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504|pmid = 18605818|citeseerx = 10.1.1.576.5638| s2cid=18741272 }}</ref> In their resultant 2008 review article, an integrative Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) was proposed which accounts for interrelationships among the three predictors as well as their predictive capacities for collective action.<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)"/> An important assumption of this approach is that people tend to respond to subjective states of disadvantage, which may or may not flow from objective physical and social reality.

===Perceived injustice===
Examining collective action through perceived injustice was initially guided by [[Relative deprivation theory|relative deprivation theory (RDT)]]. RDT focuses on a subjective state of unjust disadvantage, proposing that engaging in fraternal (group-based) social comparisons with others may result in feelings of relative deprivation that foster collective action. Group-based emotions resulting from perceived injustice, such as anger, are thought to motivate collective action in an attempt to rectify the state of unfair deprivation.<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)"/> The extent to which individuals respond to this deprivation involves several different factors and varies from extremely high to extremely low across different settings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ostrom|first1=Elinor|title=Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms|journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=14|issue=3|pages=137–158|doi=10.1257/jep.14.3.137|year=2000|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/5683/Collective%20action%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20social%20norms.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|hdl=10535/5683|hdl-access=free}}</ref>  Meta-analysis results confirm that effects of injustice causally predict collective action, highlighting the theoretical importance of this variable.<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)"/>

===Perceived efficacy===
Moving beyond RDT, scholars suggested that in addition to a sense of injustice, people must also have the objective, structural resources necessary to [[Resource mobilization|mobilize change]] through social protest. An important psychological development saw this research instead directed towards subjective expectations and beliefs that unified effort (collective action) is a viable option for achieving group-based goals – this is referred to as perceived collective efficacy. Empirically, collective efficacy is shown to causally affect collective action among a number of populations across varied contexts.<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)"/>

===Social identity===
[[Social identity theory]] (SIT) suggests that people strive to achieve and maintain positive social identities associated with their group memberships.<ref name="Tajfel & Turner (1979)">{{cite journal|last1 = Tajfel|first1 = H.|last2=Turner|first2=J.C.|title = An integrative theory of inter-group conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.)|journal = The Social Psychology of Inter-group Relations|pages= 33–47|year = 1979}}</ref> Where a group membership is disadvantaged (for example, low status), SIT implicates three variables in the evocation of collective action to improve conditions for the group – permeability of group boundaries,<ref name="Wright, Taylor & Moghaddam (1990)">{{cite journal| author1 = Stephen C. Wright | author2 = Donald M. Taylor | author3 = Fathali M. Moghaddam |title = Responding to Membership in a Disadvantaged Group: From Acceptance to Collective Protest |journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology| volume = 58|pages = 994–1003|date = June 1990| doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.994|issue = 6| url = http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64044 }}</ref> legitimacy of the intergroup structures, and the stability of these relationships. For example, when disadvantaged groups perceive intergroup status relationships as illegitimate and unstable, collective action is predicted to occur, in an attempt to change status structures for the betterment of the disadvantaged group.

Meta-analysis results also confirm that social identity causally predicts collective action across a number of diverse contexts. Additionally, the integrated SIMCA affords another important role to social identity – that of a psychological bridge forming the collective base from which both collective efficacy and group injustice may be conceived.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===Model refinement===
While there is sound empirical support for the causal importance of SIMCA's key theoretical variables on collective action,<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)"/> more recent literature has addressed the issue of reverse causation, finding support for a related, yet distinct, encapsulation model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA).<ref name="Thomas, Mavor & McGarty (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Thomas|first1 = E.F.|last2=Mavor|first2=K.I.|last3=McGarty|first3=C.|s2cid = 53577195|title = Social identities facilitate and encapsulate action-relevant constructs: A test of the social identity model of collective action|journal = Group Processes and Intergroup Relations|volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 75–88|year = 2011|doi = 10.1177/1368430211413619|hdl = 1885/66105|hdl-access = free}}</ref> This model suggests that perceived group efficacy and perceived injustice provide the basis from which social identity emerges, highlighting an alternative causal pathway to collective action. Recent research has sought to integrate SIMCA with [[Contact hypothesis|intergroup contact theory]] (see Cakal, Hewstone, Schwär, & Heath<ref name="Cakal, Hewstone, Schwär & Heath (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Cakal|first1 = H.|last2=Hewstone|first2=M.|last3=Schwär|first3=G.|last4=Heath|first4=A.|title = An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the 'sedative' effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa|journal = British Journal of Social Psychology|volume = 50| pages = 606–627|year = 2011|doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x|pmid = 22122025|issue = 4}}</ref>) and others have extended SIMCA through bridging morality research with the collective action literature (see van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2012)">{{cite journal|last1 = van Zomeren|first1 = M.|last2=Postmes|first2=T.|last3=Spears|first3=R.|s2cid = 44659756|title = On conviction's collective consequences: Integrating moral conviction with the social identity model of collective action|journal = British Journal of Social Psychology|volume = 51| pages = 52–71|year = 2012|doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02000.x|pmid = 22435846|issue = 1|url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/143451835/On_conviction_s_collective_consequences_Integrating_moral_conviction_with.pdf}}</ref> for a review).

Also, utopian thinking has been proposed as an antecendant to collective action, aside to the route affecting perceived injustice, efficacy, or social identity.<ref name="Fernando-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Fernando |first1=Julian W. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Léan V. |last3=Burden |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Judge |first4=Madeline |last5=Kashima |first5=Yoshihisa |date=March 2020 |title=Greens or space invaders: Prominent utopian themes and effects on social change motivation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2607 |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=278–291 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2607 |issn=0046-2772|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30136822 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Utopian thinking contributes to accessing cognitive alternatives, which are imagined models of societies that are different from the current society.<ref name="Fernando-2020" /> Cognitive alternatives are proposed by many social identity theorists as an effective way to increase collective action.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Tajfel, Henri; Turner, John C. |title=The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior |publisher=Psychology Press |date=2004-01-09 |isbn=978-0-203-50598-4 |pages=276–293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reicher, S. D., & Haslam, S. A. |title=Change we can believe in: The role of social identity, cognitive alternatives, and leadership in group mobilization and social transformation. In B. Wagoner, E. Jensen, & J. A. Oldmeadow (Eds.), Culture and social change: Transforming society through the power of ideas |publisher=IAP Information Age Publishing. |year=2012 |pages=53–73}}</ref> Moreover, utopian thinking has the potential to increase perceived injustice, perceived efficacy, or form new social identities and therefore affect collective action.<ref name="Fernando-2020" />