Editing Colonial India (section)

== Portuguese ==
{{Main|Portuguese India}}
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|The path [[Vasco da Gama]] took to reach [[Calicut]]
(black line) in 1498, which was also the [[Age of Discovery|discovery of a sea route]] from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
The Portuguese, first arriving by ship in May 1498, began establishing trading outposts in India. 
[[File:Bernardo Peres da Silva in 1835.jpg|thumb|[[Bernardo Peres da Silva]], the only ethnic Indian governor general in Colonial India]] 
The first successful voyage to India was by [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1498, when after sailing around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] he arrived in [[Calicut]], now in [[Kerala]]. Having arrived there, he obtained permission from [[Saamoothiri|Saamoothiri Rajah]] to trade in the city. The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, but an interview with the Saamoothiri (Zamorin) failed to produce any definitive results. Vasco da Gama requested permission to leave a factor behind in charge of the merchandise he could not sell; his request was refused, and the king insisted that Gama should pay customs duty like any other trader, which strained their relations. The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Calicut.<ref name="Malabar">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |page=27 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese allies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="Malabar"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="Malabar"/> However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Mappila]] merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut.<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book
 | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
 | title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
 | url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref>

[[Francisco de Almeida]] was appointed Viceroy of India in 1505. During his reign, the Portuguese dominated Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |year=2005 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India, 1707–1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA326 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=New Dawn Press |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref> The Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in [[South Malabar]]; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of Calicut admirals known as [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s, which compelled them to seek a treaty. The Kunjali Marakkars were credited with organizing the first naval defence of the Indian coast.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Arun Kumar |title=Give Indian Navy its due |url=https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=11 February 2017 |type=Opinion}}</ref> ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] (born around 1532) of [[Ponnani]] in 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite.<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
 Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Roland E. Miller.
 ''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref> It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011"/> In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the [[Kingdom of Tanur#Battles at Chaliyam Fort|battle at Chaliyam Fort]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=K. K. N. |author-link=K. K. N. Kurup |year=1997 |title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-083-3 |pages=37–38}}</ref>
[[File:Thangassery Fort.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the Portuguese built [[St Thomas Fort]] at [[Tangasseri]] in [[Kollam|Kollam city]], est. in 1518]]

Though [[Portugal]]'s presence in India initially started in 1498, their colonial rule lasted from 1505 until 1961.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC |publication-place=New Delhi, India |first=Peter Wilson |last=Prabhakar |editor1-first=Naurang |editor1-last=Rai |publisher=Mittle Publications |isbn=9788170998907 |year=2003 |edition=1st |chapter=3. Liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu |pages=39–41 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&pg=PA39 }}</ref> The [[Portuguese Empire]] established the first European trading centre at [[Kollam|Quilon (Kollam)]] in 1502. It is believed that the colonial era in India started with the establishment of this Portuguese trading centre at Quilon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsin.asia/the-ugly-and-good-side-of-conversions-in-south-asia/ |title=The ugly and good side of conversions in South Asia |publisher=NewsIn Asia |date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> In 1505, King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] appointed Dom Francisco de Almeida as the first [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Portuguese viceroy in India]], followed in 1509 by Dom [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. In 1510, Albuquerque conquered the city of [[Goa]], which had been controlled by [[Muslims]]. He inaugurated the policy of marrying Portuguese men with native women who had converted to Catholicism, the consequence of which was a great [[miscegenation]] in Goa and other Portuguese territories in Asia. The first revolt against the Portuguese was the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]] in 1787. 
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Pintos April 1770.jpg|thumb|Coat of Arms of the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Pintos]], the ethnic [[Goan]] family that had the first anti-colonial revolt in India.]]
For decades after, the Conspiracy was used as a stick to defame and denigrate Goan missionaries and priests in British India by their opponents, the Vicars Apostolic of the Propaganda party, Goans being of the [[Padroado]] party. The incident was used to represent the Goans to the British government and to the Christians in British India as untrustworthy, rebellious and willing to compromise with their own enemies (Tipu Sultan). This became Goa's [[black legend]].

[[Abbé Faria]] teamed up with the revolutionaries of the [[French Revolution]] and participated along with the "juring" clerics in the Revolutionaries' brutal persecution of the Catholic Church in France and elsewhere. Two Pinto  brothers Lt. Col Francisco and Jose Antonio joined the army of the [[Maratha Empire]] under [[Baji Rao II]] and fought against the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army/91527.html | title=Goan colonel decorated in the Maratha army }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/noted-goans-during-peshwe-era-in-pune3-2-goans-follow-illustrious-kin/91809.html | title=Noted Goans during Peshwe era in Pune-3: 2 Goans follow illustrious kin }}</ref>

While the revolt failed, Goans did achieve stronger forms of Government and when the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1822]] was adopted, two native Goans [[Bernardo Peres da Silva]] and [[Constâncio Roque da Costa]] were elected to the first parliament in Portugal, a practice that continued till the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961

An account of this was done by the Portuguese civil servant [[Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara]] which is one of the major accounts of the Pinto Revolt and subsequently translated into English by Dr. Charles Borges.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnKEgXtNHt0C | title=Goa and the Revolt of 1787 | isbn=978-81-7022-646-8 | last1=Borges | first1=Charles J. | date=1996 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>
Goa was [[Annexation of Goa|annexed]] by India on 19 December 1961.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Roger
|last=Crowley
|year=2015
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|publisher=Faber & Faber
|location=London}}</ref> Another feature of the Portuguese presence in India was their promotion of Catholicism by sponsoring missionaries from various orders, such as the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary [[Saint Francis Xavier]], who is revered among the Catholics of India.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567
|author=Anthony D’Costa
|publisher=Heras Institute
|location=Bombay
|date=1965
}}</ref>