Editing Colwinston (section)

==History==
===Archaeological and early historical evidence===
[[Bronze Age]] axe heads discovered on land at Highfield Farm<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-22397280|title=Bronze age axes from the Vale of Glamorgan declared treasure|date=3 May 2013|website=BBC News Wales|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> and Iron Age kilns suggest that the area was settled during prehistoric times. The impetus for the development of an agrarian village may have been the local geography: a gentle valley going east to west towards the village, providing a water supply and creating a natural bowl, with a present-day exit leading down Church Lane.

Steep slopes in the central part of the village make it unlike other Vale of Glamorgan villages in its topography.  The watercourse is now underground but rises to the surface in prolonged wet weather. The older village houses are situated on the higher ground overlooking meadows, possibly built on the sites of older simple dwellings. It is thought the area between Garden and Penlan Cottages and Church Cottage provided protection and water for livestock. Title Deeds and old census records call this area "The Square".<ref name="hawkerp7">{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} p. 7</ref> A village well is present near Ty Draw Farm, and it is likely that watercress was harvested from the open water course there.<ref name="hawkerp7"/>

There is evidence of Roman activity in the Vale of Glamorgan, and their link to [[West Wales]] was along what would become the route of the A48. [[Llantwit Major Roman Villa]], for example, is thought to have been built on a site occupied since the [[British Iron Age]].<ref name="coflein">{{Coflein|num=301356 |desc=Caermead Roman Villa ;llantwit Major Roman Villa |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> (There was another excavation in 1971.<ref name="coflein"/><ref name="rb">[http://www.roman-britain.org/places/llantwit.htm Llantwit Major Roman villa on Roman Britain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010135735/http://www.roman-britain.org/places/llantwit.htm |date=2008-10-10 }}</ref>) Following the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]], the area was ruled by the medieval "princes" of [[Glywysing#Morgannwg|Morgannwg]]; their kingdom included the area later known as Glamorgan. During this period the settlement came to be called "Colwinstūn", possibly from an old English name "Colwine" linked with "tūn", meaning farm or settlement.
<ref>Morgan, R. Place-Names of Glamorgan. Welsh Academic Press, Cardiff 2018 p. 48.</ref>

===Norman rule and new land ownership===
Caradog ap Gruffudd and Iestyn ap Gwrgant from the north and west usurped the princes in about 1070,<ref>Smith, B.J. The Kingdom of Morgannwg and the Norman Conquest of Glamorgan in Glamorgan County History Vol. III. Ed. Pugh, T.B. University Of Wales Press Cardiff 1971. pp 6-7.</ref> and [[Robert Fitzhamon]] led the Norman invasion of the area from Bristol, probably by sea.<ref name="Arnold-Baker2001">{{cite book|author=Charles Arnold-Baker|title=The Companion to British History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D71aIFaur3EC&pg=PA904|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-18583-7|pages=904–}}</ref> Local folklore says that the nickname of "Golden Mile"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hellohistoria.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/robert-fitzhamon-twelve-knights-golden.html|title=ROBERT FITZHAMON, THE TWELVE KNIGHTS & 'THE GOLDEN MILE'|website=Hello Historia|date=23 March 2012|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> (the area shown on old maps as being between Twmpath Farm and the main village, or the northern edge of the village's original common) arises either from Fitzhamon's forces lining up to receive their payment along a section of the A48 adjacent to Colwinston, or from [[English Civil War|Civil War]] troops gathering in the same location for payment;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellfirecorner.co.uk/TV/colwinston.htm|title=Colwinston|website=Hellfire Corner|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> another theory is that the name originated because of yellow gorse plants growing along the old road at this point.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} p. 9.</ref>

[[William de Londres]] was granted the lordship of Ogmore (which included Colwinston) by Fitzhamon, and also established [[Ewenny Priory]] in 1141 under the Benedictine Abbey in Gloucester.<ref>{{cite book|author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales|title=An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan: Volume III - Part 1b: Medieval Secular Monuments the Later Castles from 1217 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhnYtVAUhQEC&pg=PA125|year=2000|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales|isbn=978-1-871184-22-8|pages=125}}</ref> He gave 'the Church of St Michael of Ewenny, the Church of St Bridget with the Chapel of Ugemore de Lanfey, the Church of St. Michael of Colvestone with the lands, meadows and all other things belonging unto them’<ref>quoted in List of Donations in the Gloucester Chronicles, quoted in Morris, P. The Priory Church of St Michael Ewenny, Ewenny Priory Church, 2006</ref> to the Abbey. The grant of a  66-acre farm (possibly Ty Maen Farm) was later added to this.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} p.10.</ref> There is evidence that [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Colwinston]], was founded in 1111, predating the Priory by 30 years.<ref name=council>{{cite web|url=http://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/files/Living/Planning/Policy/County_Treasures/Colwinston.pdf |title=Colwinston-Vale of Glamorgan County Treasures |year=2007 |page=16 |publisher=Vale of Glamorgan Council |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184220/http://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/files/Living/Planning/Policy/County_Treasures/Colwinston.pdf |archivedate=March 3, 2016 }}</ref>

===Middle Ages and after===
By 1340, Sir Roger de Bavant had become the owner of the remainder of the Manor. In 1344 (for reasons unknown) he gave his property to the then King of England, Edward III, who (again for reasons unknown) endowed the property upon the Dominican Nuns at Dartford Priory in Kent.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} p. 16.</ref> Tithes and rents were paid to the two Priories, with the right to appoint the Vicar being with Ewenny Priory.  Henry VIII famously seized all monastery lands in 1536, [[Sir Edward Carne]], a commissioner during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], was able to lease [[Ewenny Priory]] from the king, eventually purchasing it in 1545 for £727-6s-4d.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300011249-ewenny-priory-house-ewenny |title=Ewenny Priory (house) |website=British Listed Buildings |accessdate=4 September 2017 }}</ref> He also purchased the Dartford priory land at Colwinston<ref>Williams, G. The Ecclesiastical History of Glamorgan 1527-1642 in Williams, G. (ed) Glamorgan County History Vol IV, pub: University of Wales Press p. 197</ref> creating a single 'Manor of Colwinston'.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} p.18.</ref> By 1539 English law had been extended to cover Wales and the County of Glamorgan was formally established as an administrative unit.  Colwinston remained a pocket of [[recusant|recusancy]], with priests continuing to administer the sacrament according to the Roman rite.  Even into the 17th century, [[Philip Evans and John Lloyd#John Lloyd|John Lloyd]], a local priest under the protection of the Turbevilles at Penlline, was arrested and hanged, drawn and quartered on the Heath at Cardiff in 1679 at the height of the hysteria caused by the 'Popish Plot'.

===16th to 19th century===
The Norman tradition of [[primogeniture]] had taken over in Glamorgan, in contrast with traditional Welsh law. In the 1670s, With no sons to inherit, the Carne family lands were divided between two surviving Carne daughters upon their marriages. Colwinston thus became the property of [[Sir Edward Mansel, 4th Baronet]], of Margam when he married Martha Carne.<ref>{{Cite DWB|id=s-MANS-OXW-1250|title=MANSEL family, of Oxwich, Penrice, and Margam Abbey, Glam.|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>

In 1747 [[Bussy Mansel, 4th Baron Mansel]], succeeded to the title. Having no male heirs, he sold the ‘Manor of Colwinston’ to David Thomas ‘of Bath’. Thomas had married into the family that owned [[Pwllywrach]], where he built a new ‘Manor house’. Four generations later the Manor was again without a male heir after the death of Hubert be Burgh Thomas. His sister, Mary Anna Thomas, married Charles John Prichard some time after 1878, placing the land at Colwinston in trust for their son, [[Hubert Prichard|Hubert Cecil Prichard]].<ref name="Chris Hawker 2018">{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}}</ref>

Small farms were often then sold on to other farmers and landowners in this period. The Golden Mile Common, an area of approximately 70 acres lying alongside the A48, was ‘enclosed’ by an Act of Parliament called the ‘Golden Mile Award’ in 1871.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} The village population in the 19th century thus became formed around the Pwllywrach House and Hilton Farm, a number of small farm units stretching west–east from Ty Maen to the Yew Tree and Chapel Farms, north to Claypit and Highfield Farms and south to Stembridge and Parcau Farms, some labourers’ cottages owned by the Pwllywrach estate and others, the Church and the Parsonage (and the then Vicarage) and three chapels. Some of the land on the northern side of village was owned by [[Jesus College, Oxford]]. Agriculture was supported by other trades including the Sycamore Tree Inn (recorded back to at least 1840, the building is post-medieval),<ref>{{Coflein|num=20018 |desc=Sycamore Tree Inn |access-date=30 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> a forge and blacksmith, baker, shoemaker, post office and horse breaker.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} Pp.27-34.</ref>

However, there was a substantial turnover in the village population following the start of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Census records show that of the 268 people living in the village in 1861, only 98 had been living in the village in 1851; 168 people who died or moved away during that decade were replaced by a high number of births and people moving in from West Wales and Ireland.<ref>James, B.Ll. The Vale of Glamorgan, 1840-1860: Profile of a Rural Community in Williams, S. Glamorgan Historian, Vol 5. Pub: D Brown and Sons. Cowbridge 1968</ref>

The 1861 census also reveals the existence of a private school within the village.  A [[National school (England and Wales)|"National" school]], supported by the (then) Church of England, was established in 1871, in the building now known as Ty Colwyn, with 27 children on the original register. From 1875 the school was funded through a voluntary Parish rate. The present village school (Church in Wales) was built in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.estyn.gov.wales/sites/default/files/documents/Inspection%20Report%20St%20David%27s%20C.I.W.%20Primary%20School%20ENG%202012_0.pdf|title=A report on St David's C.I.W. Primary School, Colwinston, Vale of Glamorgan|date=2012|website=Estyn|access-date=9 November 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In addition to the Anglican church, several Nonconformist chapels existed in the village, and were popular with Welsh-language speakers. Seion Calvinistic Methodist (Presbyterian) Chapel was built in 1830, surviving until 1996. Ebenezer Baptist Chapel was founded in 1843 and a building established in 1852, using part of Chapel Farm House. It continued in use until 1944, and a baptismal pool was created by blocking off a stream in the field below and to the rear of the chapel.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} Pp 36-37.</ref>

In 1865, a village branch of the [[Philanthropic Order of True Ivorites]] was established, based at the Sycamore Tree Inn, conducting its business in Welsh. This provided a vehicle for villagers with independent incomes to save, and then possibly to buy, their own properties. It finally closed in 1960, and the order as a whole disbanded in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} p. 38.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rowland Berthoff|title=Republic of the Dispossessed: The Exceptional Old-European Consensus in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27TqICfgfOoC&pg=PA127|year=1997|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-1101-9|pages=127}}</ref>

The 1811 ''A Topographical Dictionary of The Dominion of Wales'' by [[Nicholas Carlisle]] said of the village:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colwinston.btck.co.uk/History|title=A Topographical Dictionary of The Dominion of Wales|publisher=accessed via Colwinston community website|author=Carlisle, Nicholas|year=1811}}</ref>
{{quotation|COLWINSTON, or, TRE COLLWYN, in the Cwmwd of Maenor Glynn Ogwr, Cantref of Cron Nedd (now called the Hundred of Ogmore),County of GLAMORGAN, South Wales: a discharged Vicarage, valued in the King's Books at £6 6s.8d.; Patron, David Thomas, Esq.: Church dedicated to St. Michael. The Resident Population of this Parish, in 1801, was 235. The Money raised by the Parish Rates, in 1803, was £101 6s.10d., at 1s. 6d. per acre. It is 4 m. W. N. W. from Cowbridge. This Parish contains between fourteen and fifteen hundred acres of inclosed Land, and 60 acres of common Pasture, called The Golden Mile. According to the Diocesan Report, in 1809, the yearly value of this Benefice, arising from Vicarial Tythes, and Augmentation, was £111 18s.0d.}}

===20th century===
The population of the village began to grow away from its agricultural origins, with some emigration to the South Wales coalfields by those seeking industrial employment, whilst the need for intensive labour on farms was reduced by machinery and the village population declined. Some of the original houses fell into disrepair as these population movements took place.

Colonel Hubert Cecil Prichard came to live at Pwllywrach after the First World War. His son Hubert de Burgh Prichard famously married [[Rosalind Hicks]], the only daughter of [[Agatha Christie]], their son [[Mathew Prichard]] being given the proceeds from the royalties of ''[[The Mousetrap]]''. He subsequently used the substantial sums from the play to establish the Colwinston Charitable Trust in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://colwinston.org.uk/|title=Colwinston Charitable Trust|website=Colwinston Charitable Trust|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

Gradually ‘modern’ features eventually found their way to the village, including mains water in 1935, and electricity and telephone (in the form of a public kiosk) from 1946 onwards. A new water main was laid from the A48 in 1972 and a new sewage scheme laid in 1973.  Beech Park was built in the 1960s with other small developments following. The smaller, mostly tenanted, farms became unviable in the latter part of the 20th century. The remaining farm buildings between Church Farm and Colwinston House (built originally as a Dower House for Pwllywrach) were gradually sold as residential houses, with the barns and brickyards between the farmhouses also being sold off for development. The Pwllyrwrach estate created a single large farm based at Pwllyrwrach Farm, concentrating on sheep and beef cattle farming (rather than the dairy farming which had previously been predominant.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Hawker|title=Colwinston: a historical journey|publisher=Cowbridge History Society|year=2018|isbn=9781999687403}} pp 42–43.</ref>)

===21st century===
The agricultural land in and around the village is now variously owned by the Pwllywrach Estate, a number of independent landowners (especially to the north and west of the village) as well as a small number of independent farmers who have bought and/or inherited land over the centuries. Other properties are owned by the Vale of Glamorgan Council for the school, the Village Hall and the remaining social housing. Finally, most private housing is now owned by individual house owners, either as new-build properties or older houses mostly purchased from the Pwllywrach estate, the local authority, the chapel organisations and the Church in Wales or local farmers.

The main fabric of the village was thus set until 2016 when the developer Redrow plc built 64 new homes on land now known as Heol Cae Pwll (completed in 2018), increasing the population to over 600. Protests against the extent of the development by local residents were overruled by the [[Vale of Glamorgan Council]]. Community representatives pointed to regular flooding and said that "adding 64 homes to a village with 130 at the moment can only increase that risk".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barry-today.co.uk/article.cfm?id=15&headline=Colwinston%20residents%20set%20to%20oppose%20Redrow%20housing%20plan&searchyear=2015|title=Colwinston residents set to oppose Redrow housing plan|website=The Barry Gem|date=15 January 2015|access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>  Along with this came "fibre" broadband. The village has gained a local and national reputation in recent years for its community spirit and activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cowbridge-today.co.uk/article.cfm?id=117994&headline=What%20makes%20an%20%E2%80%98enchanting%E2%80%99%20village?&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2018|title=What makes an 'enchanting' village?|website=Glamorgan Gem|date=30 January 2018|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>