Editing Combined operations (section)

==Pre-modern history==
[[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|The [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]] during the [[First Crusade]], 1099. The [[Crusades]] could be considered an early form of combined operations.]]
The concept of combined operations evolved largely as a result of [[expeditionary warfare]], which can be traced to the [[Sea Peoples]].{{fact|date=June 2016}} In its basic form it involved [[raid (military)|raiding]] coastal regions by land forces arriving from the [[sealift|naval vessels]]. The raiding tactics were expanded into more complex operations by [[Alexander the Great]], who used naval vessels for both troop transporting and logistics in [[Alexander the Great#Persia|his campaigns]]. The next exponents of combined operations in the ancient world of the [[Mediterranean Basin]] were the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]], who introduced two entirely-new dimensions to the use of naval forces by not only staging operations that combined [[Carthage#Navy|naval]] and [[Carthage#Army|land]] troops but also eventuated in combining [[Military strategy|strategic]] multi-national forces during the land phase of the operation when [[Hannibal]] in his most famous achievement at the outbreak of the [[Second Punic War]] marched an army that included [[war elephant]]s, from [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] over the [[Pyrenees]] and the [[Alps]] into northern [[Italy]]. Following the example of Carthage, the [[structural history of the Roman military|Romans]] used combined operations extensively to expand their empire and influence in the Mediterranean and beyond, including the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], which was not a temporary expeditionary operation but included long-term [[Military occupation|occupation]] and Roman settlement of the territories. After the peace agreement between [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] and the [[Roman Empire]] in 21 BC, the Kushites and the Romans performed joint military operations against several adversaries.<ref>Richard Lobban 2004. Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, 2004. p70-78</ref>

The next development of combined operations came from [[Medieval Warm Period|environmental pressures]] in the [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] region during the [[Middle Ages]] and the emergence of the [[History of Scandinavia#Viking Age|Viking]] migrations, which combined raiding, longer term inland operations, occupation and settlement. They were conducted as [[Settlement of Iceland|sea]], [[Denmark#Viking Age|coastal]], and [[Varangians|riverine]] operations, and sometimes were strategic in nature, reaching as far as [[Constantinople]].

In [[Southeast Asia]], the development of combined operations proceeded along the same developmental path as in Europe with the raids by the [[Wokou]], or so-called "[[Piracy#East Asia|Japanese pirates]]." Because the [[Wokou]] were weakly resisted by the [[Ming Dynasty]], the raiding eventually developed into fully-fledged expeditionary warfare with the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)]].

The development in combined operations reached a new level during the [[Crusades]], when the element of [[political alliance]] was introduced as an influence on the military strategy, such as during the [[Sixth Crusade]].

Although all combined operations until the invention of the combustion engine were largely dependent on the [[Sailing ship|sailing vessels]], it was with the creation of sophisticated [[square rig|rigging]] systems of the European [[Renaissance]] that the [[Age of Sail]] allowed a significant expansion in the scale of combined operations, notably by the European [[colonial empires]]. Some have argued that was the first [[Revolution in Military Affairs|revolution in military affairs]], which changed [[Spanish Empire|national strategies]], [[colony|operational methods]] and [[naval tactics in the Age of Sail|tactics]] both at sea and on land. One notable example of that evolution was the [[French invasion of Egypt (1798)]].