Editing Common Romanian (section)

== History ==
[[File:ConstantineEmpire.png|thumb|right|250px|The Roman Empire in 337 AD after the conquests of emperor Constantine the Great. Roman territory is dark purple, Constantine's conquests in Dacia are shaded dark purple, and Roman dependencies are light purple.]]
The Roman occupation led to a Roman-Thracian [[syncretism]], and similar to the case of other conquered civilisations (see, for example, how [[Gallo-Roman culture]] developed in [[Roman Gaul]]) led to the Latinization of many [[Thracians|Thracian]] tribes which were on the edge of the sphere of Latin influence, eventually resulting in the possible extinction of the [[Daco-Thracian]] language, but traces of it are still preserved in the [[Substrate in Romanian|Eastern Romance substratum]]. From the 2nd century AD, the Latin spoken in the Danubian provinces starts to display its own distinctive features, separate from the rest of the [[Romance languages]], including those of the western Balkans ([[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]).<ref>Al. Rosetti: "Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), Bucharest, 1986</ref> The [[Thraco-Roman]] period of the language is usually delimited between the 2nd century (or earlier via cultural influence and economic ties) and the 6th or the 7th century.<ref>''Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă'' ("Dictionary of the Romanian Language, new series"), [[Romanian Academy|Academia Română]], responsible editors: Iorgu Iordan, Alexandru Graur, Ion Coteanu, Bucharest, 1983;</ref> It is divided, in turn, into two periods, with the division falling roughly in the 3rd to 4th century. The [[Romanian Academy]] considers the 5th century as the latest time that the differences between Balkan Latin and western Latin could have appeared,<ref>"Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), II, Academia Română, Bucharest, 1969;</ref> and that between the 5th and 8th centuries, the new language, Romanian, switched from Latin speech, to a vernacular Romance idiom, called {{lang|ro|Română comună}}.<ref>I. Fischer,  "Latina dunăreană" ("Danubian Latin"), Bucharest, 1985.</ref><ref>A. B. Černjak "Vizantijskie svidetel'stva o romanskom (romanizirovannom) naselenii Balkan V–VII vv; "Vizantijskij vremennik", LIII, Moskva, 1992</ref> The nature of the contact between Latin and the substrate language(s) is considered to be similar to the contact with local languages in other parts incorporated in the Roman Empire and the number of [[Lexicon|lexical]] and [[Morpho-syntax|morpho-syntactic]] elements retained from the substrate is relatively small despite some ongoing contact with languages closely related to the original substrate, [[Albanian language|Albanian]] for example.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schulte |first=Kim |editor1-last=Haspelmath |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Tadmor |editor2-first=Uri |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2009 |pages=234 |chapter=Loanwords in Romanian |isbn=978-3-11-021843-5 }}</ref>

In the ninth century, Proto-Romanian already had a structure very distinct from the other Romance languages, with major differences in grammar, morphology and phonology and already was a member of the [[Balkan sprachbund|Balkan language area]]. It already contained around a hundred loans [[Slavic influence on Romanian|from Slavic languages]], including words such as {{lang|ro|trup}} (body, flesh),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brâncuș |first=Grigore |trans-title=Introduction to the History of Romanian Language |title=Introducere în istoria limbii române] |publisher=Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine |year=2005 |isbn=973-725-219-5  |page=62 }}</ref> as well as some Greek language loans via [[Vulgar Latin]], but no Hungarian and Turkish words, as these peoples had yet to arrive in the region.

In the tenth century or some earlier time, Common Romanian split into two geographically separated groups. One was in the northern part of the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]] and the other one was in the south of the peninsula where the [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] branch of Common Romanian presumably was spoken.<ref name="dupref1">{{Cite book|last=Vrabie |first=Emil |title=An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary  |publisher=Romance Monographs |year=2000 |isbn= 1-889441-06-6 |page=21 }}</ref> This is sometimes considered the upper end of the language, leading into the separate [[Eastern Romance languages]] period. A different view holds that Common Romanian, despite the early split of Aromanian, continued to exist until the thirteenth or fourteenth century when all the southern dialects became distinct from the northern one.<ref>{{Citation |last=Iliescu |first=Maria |title=History of the Romanian Lexicon |date=2021-05-26 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-471 |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to the theory, it evolved into the following modern languages and their dialects:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C|title=The Grammar of Romanian|editor-first1=Gabriela Pană|editor-last1=Dindelegan|editor1-link=Gabriela Pană Dindelegan|editor-first2=Martin|editor-last2=Maiden|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-964492-6}}</ref>
* [[Romanian language]] (sometimes called [[Daco-Romanian]] to distinguish it from the rest of the [[Eastern Romance languages]])
* [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] (sometimes called Macedo-Romanian)
* [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] (also sometimes called Macedo-Romanian)
* [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]