Editing Common chiffchaff (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Zingende tjiftjaf-4961905.webm|left|thumb]]
The [[Great Britain|British]] naturalist [[Gilbert White]] was one of the first people to separate the similar-looking common chiffchaff, [[willow warbler]] and [[wood warbler]] by their songs, as detailed in 1789 in ''[[The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne]]'',<ref name= white>{{ cite book | last=White | first=Gilbert | author-link=Gilbert White | date=1789 | title=The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, in the County of Southampton | location=London | publisher=Printed by T. Bensley, for B. White and Son | pages=44–45 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47944950 }}</ref>  but the common chiffchaff was first formally described as ''Sylvia collybita'' by [[France|French]] [[ornithology|ornithologist]] [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] in 1817 in his ''Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle''.<ref name= viellot>{{ cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1817 | title=Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. | edition=Nouvelle édition | volume=11 | location=Paris | publisher=Deterville |page=235 | doi=10.5962/bhl.title.20211 | language=French | url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19427951 }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is the French region of [[Normandy]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1986 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=11 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=229 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483930 }}</ref>

Described by German zoologist [[Friedrich Boie]] in 1826,<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1826 | title=Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen Familien und Gattugen | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=19 | at=col. 972 | language=de | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27511177 }}</ref> the genus ''[[Phylloscopus]]'' contains about 80 species of small insectivorous Old World woodland warblers which are either greenish or brown above and yellowish, white or buff below. The genus was formerly part of the [[Old World warbler]] family Sylvidae, but has now been split off as a separate family Phylloscopidae.<ref name=alstrom>{{Cite journal | last1 = Alström | first1 = Per | last2 = Ericson | first2 = Per G.P. | last3 = Olsson | first3 = Urban | last4 = Sundberg | first4 = Per | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | pmid = 16054402 | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 381–397 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015 | bibcode = 2006MolPE..38..381A }}</ref> The chiffchaff's closest relatives, other than former [[subspecies]], are a group of leaf warblers which similarly lack crown stripes, a yellow rump or obvious wing bars; they include the willow, Bonelli's, wood and [[plain leaf warbler]]s.<ref name= Baker/>

An old synonym, used for the chiffchaff was ''Phylloscopus rufus'' (Bechstein).<ref name=rufus>For instance in: {{cite encyclopedia |title=Birds |encyclopedia=The Victoria History of the County of Buckinghamshire |volume=1 |author=Rothschild, Walter |editor=Page, William Henry |date=1905 |page=[[:s:en:Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/176|132]]}}</ref>

The common chiffchaff has three still commonly accepted subspecies, together with some from the [[Iberian Peninsula]], the [[Canary Islands]], and the [[Caucasus]] which are now more often treated as full species.<ref name= ClementHelbig1998>{{Cite journal | last1 = Clement | first1 = P. | last2 = Helbig | first2 = Andreas J. | year = 1998 | title = Taxonomy and identification of chiffchaffs in the Western Palearctic | journal =British Birds | volume = 91 | pages = 361–376 }}</ref><ref name = Sangster2002>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sangster | first1 = George | last2 = Knox | first2 = Alan G. | last3 = Helbig | first3 = Andreas J. | last4 = Parkin | first4 = David T. | year = 2002 | title = Taxonomic recommendations for European birds | journal = [[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]] | volume = 144 | issue = 1| pages = 153–159 | doi = 10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x }}</ref>

===Subspecies===
[[File:Spectrogramcollybita2.jpg|thumb|Sketch [[spectrogram]]s comparing calls of, from left to right, the subspecies ''collybita'', ''abietinus'' and ''tristis'']]
*''P. c. collybita'', the nominate form, breeds in Europe east to [[Poland]] and [[Bulgaria]], and is described below. It mainly winters in the south of its breeding range around the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and in [[North Africa]].<ref name= Baker>{{cite book | last = Baker | first = Kevin |title = Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm Identification Guides) | year = 1997 | publisher = Helm| isbn =978-0-7136-3971-1 |pages = 256–259 | location = London| title-link = Helm Identification Guides }}</ref> It has been expanding its range northwards into Scandinavia since 1970 and close to the southern edge of the range of ''P. c. abietinus''.<ref name=Hanson>{{cite journal|last=Hansson|first=MC|author2=Bensch, S |author3=Brännström, O | url= http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/145893|title=Range expansion and the possibility of an emerging contact zone between two subspecies of Chiffchaff ''Phylloscopus collybita ssp'' |year=2000 |journal = Journal of Avian Biology |volume=31|issue=4|pages=548–558 | doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.1310414.x }}</ref>
*''P. c. abietinus'' occurs in [[Scandinavia]] and northern [[Russia]], and winters from southeastern Europe and northeastern Africa east to [[Iraq]] and western [[Iran]]. It is intermediate in appearance between ''P. c. tristis'' and ''P. c. collybita'', being grey-washed olive-green above with a pale yellow [[supercilium]], and underparts whiter than in ''P. c. collybita'',{{sfn|Clement|1995|pp=16–18}} but it has very similar vocalisations to the nominate subspecies.<ref name= Baker/> Due to individual variation, it can be difficult to reliably separate ''P. c. abietinus'' and ''P. c. collybita'' outside their main breeding and wintering ranges.{{sfn|Clement|1995|pp=16–18}} Some common chiffchaffs in the Middle East are browner and have a more disyllabic ''swee-hu'' call than ''P. c. abietinus'', and may belong to a poorly known taxon "''brevirostris''";<ref name= dubois2008>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dubois | first1 = Phillipe | last2 = Duquet | first2 = M. | year = 2008 | title = Further thoughts on Siberian Chiffchaffs | journal = British Birds | volume = 101 | pages = 149–150 }}</ref> further research is needed to clarify the affinities of this form.<ref name= dubois2010>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dubois | first1 = Phillipe | year = 2010 | title = Presumed 'brevirostris'-type Common Chiffchaffs wintering in Jordan | journal = British Birds | volume = 103 | pages = 406–407 }}</ref>
*''P. (c.) tristis'', the '''[[Siberian chiffchaff]]''', breeds in [[Siberia]] east of the [[Pechora River]] and winters in the lower [[Himalayas]].<ref name=Baker/> It is also regularly recorded in western Europe in winter, and it is likely that the numbers involved have been underestimated due to uncertainties over identification criteria, lack of good data and recording policies (Sweden and Finland only accept trapped birds).<ref name= dean8>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dean | first1 = Alan | last2 = Bradshaw | first2 = Colin | last3 = Martin | first3 = John | last4 = Stoddart | first4 = Andy | last5 = Walbridge | first5 = Grahame | year = 2010 | title = The status in Britain of 'Siberian Chiffchaff' | journal = British Birds | volume = 103 | pages = 320–337 }}</ref> It is a dull subspecies, grey or brownish above and whitish below, with little yellow in the plumage, and the buff-white supercilium is often longer than in the western subspecies. It has a higher pitched ''suitsistsuisit'' song and a short high-pitched ''cheet'' call.{{sfn|Clement|1995|pp=18–20}} It is sometimes considered to be a full species due to its distinctive plumage and vocalisations, being similar to ''P. s. sindianus'' in these respects.<ref name = Martens1983/><ref name= Helbig1996>{{Cite journal | last1 = Helbig | first1 = Andreas J. | last2 = Martens | first2 = Jochen | last3 = Seibold | first3 = I. | last4 = Henning | first4 = F. | last5 = Schottler | first5 = B | last6 = Wink | first6 = Michael | year = 1996 | title = Phylogeny and species limits in the Palearctic Chiffchaff ''Phylloscopus collybita'' complex: mitochondrial genetic differentiation and bioacoustic evidence | url = http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1996/13_1996.pdf | journal = [[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]] | volume = 138 | issue = 4| pages = 650–666 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04767.x}}</ref> Nominate ''P. c. collybita'' and ''P. c. tristis'' do not recognize each other's songs.<ref name=Schubert>{{cite journal | last1 = Schubert | first1 = M | year = 1982 | title = Zur Lautgebung mehrerer zentralasiatischer Laubsänger-Arten (''Phylloscopus''; Aves, Sylviidae) | journal = Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin | volume = 58 | pages = 109–128 |language=de}}</ref><ref name = MartensMeincke1989>{{cite journal | last1 = Martens | first1 = Jochen | last2 = Meincke | first2 = C | year = 1989 | title = Der sibirische Zilpzalp (''Phylloscopus collybita tristis''): Gesang und Reaktion einer mitteleuropäischen Population im Freilandversuch | journal = Journal für Ornithologie | volume = 130 | issue = 4| pages = 455–473 | doi = 10.1007/BF01918465 | s2cid = 25216705 |language=de}}</ref> Pending resolution of the status of ''P. (c.) fulvescens'', which is found where the ranges of ''P. c. abietinus'' and ''P. c. tristis'' connect and may<ref name= Marova>{{cite journal | last1 = Marova | first1 = I. M. | last2 = Leonovich | first2 = V. V. | year = 1993 | title = [Hybridization between Siberian (''Phylloscopus collybita tristis'') and East European (''Ph. collybita abietinus'') Chiffchaffs in the area of sympatry.] | journal = Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya, Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta | volume = 30 | pages = 147–163 |language=ru}}</ref> or may not<ref name = MartensMeincke1989/> be a hybrid between these, ''tristis'' is maintained in ''P. collybita''.<ref name = Sangster2002/>
[[File:Common Chiffchaff Khangchendzonga National Park West Sikkim India 30.03.2016.jpg|thumb|left|''Phylloscopus collybita tristis'' From [[Khangchendzonga National Park]], [[West Sikkim]], [[India]].]]

===Former subspecies===
* ''P. ibericus'', the '''[[Iberian chiffchaff]]''' is brighter, greener on the rump, and yellower below than ''P. collybita'',<ref name= Baker/> and has a ''{{not a typo|tit-tit-tit-tswee-tswee}}'' song. It was initially named ''P. brehmii'', but the [[type (biology)|type specimen]] of that [[taxon]] is not an Iberian chiffchaff.<ref name= Iberian>{{cite journal|last= Svensson |first= Lars|year=2001 |title= The correct name of the Iberian Chiffchaff ''Phylloscopus ibericus'' Ticehurst 1937, its identification and new evidence of its winter grounds |journal= Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume= 121|pages= 281–296 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40086550 }}</ref> This species is found in [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], west of a line stretching roughly from the western [[Pyrenees]]<ref name =Salomon1989>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1163/156853989X00709 | last1 = Salomon | first1 = Marc | year = 1989 | title = Song as a possible reproductive isolating mechanism between two parapatric forms. The case of the chiffchaffs ''Phylloscopus c. collybita'' and ''P. c. brehmii'' in the western Pyrenees | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6909814 | journal = Behaviour | volume = 111 | issue = 1–4| pages = 270–290 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> via the mountains of central Spain to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]; the Iberian and common chiffchaffs co-occur in a narrow band along this line.<ref name=Balmori>{{Cite journal | last1=Balmori | first1=A. | last2=Cuesta | first2=M.Á. | last3=Caballero | first3=J.M. | date=2002 | title=Distribución de los mosquiteros ibérico (''Phylloscopus brehmii'') y europeo (''Phylloscopus collybita'') en los bosques de ribera de Castilla y León (España) | language=es | journal=Ardeola | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=19–27 | url=https://www.ardeola.org/uploads/articles/docs/482.pdf }}</ref> Apart from the northernmost section, the precise course of the contact zone is not well documented. A long-distance [[bird migration|migrant]], this species winters in western Africa. It differs from ''P. c. collybita'' in vocalisations,<ref name=Helbig1996/><ref name =Salomon1989/><ref name = SalomonHemim>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00965.x | last1 = Salomon | first1 = Marc | last2 = Hemim | first2 = Y. | year = 1992 | title = Song variation in the Chiffchaffs (''Phylloscopus collybita'') of the western Pyrenees – the contact zone between ''collybita'' and ''brehmii'' forms | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4443546 | journal = Ethology | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 265–282 | bibcode = 1992Ethol..92..265S | url-access = subscription }}</ref> external [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]],<ref name=Salomon1997>{{Cite journal | last1 = Salomon | first1 = Marc | last2 = Bried | first2 = J. | last3 = Helbig | first3 = Andreas J. | last4 = Riofrio | first4 = J. | year = 1997 | title = Morphometric differentiation between male Common Chiffchaffs, ''Phylloscopus [c.] collybita'' Vieillot, 1817, and Iberian Chiffchaffs, ''P. [c.] brehmii'' Homeyer, 1871, in a secondary contact zone (Aves: Sylviidae) | journal = Zoologischer Anzeiger | volume = 236 | pages = 25–36 }}</ref> and [[mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] [[Nucleic acid sequence|sequence]]s.<ref name=Helbig1996/><ref name = Helbig2001>{{cite journal | last1 = Helbig | first1 = Andreas J. | last2 = Salomon | first2 = Marc | last3 = Bensch | first3 = S. | last4 = Seibold | first4 = I. | year = 2001 | title = Male-biased gene flow across an avian hybrid zone: evidence from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 277–287 | doi = 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00273.x | s2cid = 53468357 | url = http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/145754 }}</ref> There is  [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] in the contact zone,<ref name =Salomon1989/><ref name = SalomonHemim/><ref name= BB101/> almost always between male ''P. ibericus'' and female ''P. c. collybita'',<ref name= BB101>{{cite journal|last= Collinson |first= J. Martin |author2=Melling, Tim |date=April 2008 |title= Identification of vagrant Iberian Chiffchaffs - pointers, pitfalls and problem birds |journal=British Birds |volume= 101|issue=4 |pages= 174–188 }}</ref>  and hybrids apparently show much decreased [[fitness (biology)|fitness]];<ref name = Helbig2001/>  hybrid females appear to be [[infertility|sterile]] according to [[Haldane's Rule]].<ref name = Helbig1993>{{ cite journal | last1=Helbig | first1=Andreas J. | last2=Salomon | first2=Marc | last3=Wink | first3=Michael | last4=Bried | first4=Joël | date=1993 | title=Absence de flux genique mitochondrial entre le Pouillots "veloces" medio-européen et ibérique (Aves: ''Phylloscopus collybita, P. (c.) brehmii''); implications taxonomiques. Résultats tirés de la PCR et du séquencage d'ADN | language=fr | journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences | volume=316 | series=series III | pages=205–210 | url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1993/3.%201993.pdf }}</ref> Regarding the latter aspect, the Iberian chiffchaff apparently is the oldest lineage of chiffchaffs and quite distinct from the common chiffchaff.<ref name=Helbig1996/>

[[File:Lz10 pano 2.jpg|thumb|right|Essentially the entire historic range of the extinct [[eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff]] (''P. canariensis exsul'') is shown in this photo.]]
*''P. canariensis'', the '''[[Canary Islands chiffchaff]]''' is a non-migratory species formerly occurring on the major Canary Islands, which is differentiated from ''P. collybita'' by morphology, vocalisations and genetic characteristics, and, of course, is not [[sympatric]] with any other chiffchaffs. The nominate western subspecies ''P. c. canariensis'' of [[El Hierro]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[Tenerife]], and [[Gran Canaria]] is smaller than common chiffchaff, and has shorter, rounder wings.<ref name=Helbig1996/> It is olive-brown above and has a buff breast and flanks;<ref name= Baker/> it has a rich deep ''{{not a typo|chip-cheep-cheep-chip-chip-cheep}}'' song, and a call similar to the nominate race.{{sfn|Clement|1995|pp=64–65}} The eastern ''[[eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff|P. c. exsul]]'' of [[Lanzarote]] and possibly [[Fuerteventura]] is paler above and less rufous below than its western relative,<ref name= Baker/> and had a harsher call;{{sfn|Clement|1995}} it might have been a distinct species,<ref name = Sangster2002/> but it became [[extinction|extinct]] in 1986 at latest, probably much earlier. The reasons for its extinction are unclear, but it appears always to have been scarce and localised, occurring only in the Haria Valley of Lanzarote.<ref name= Simms >{{cite book | last = Simms | first = Eric  |title = British Warblers | series=New Naturalist Series | year =  1985| location=London | publisher = Collins | pages =286, 310 | isbn =978-0-00-219810-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/britishwarblers0000simm/page/286/mode/1up | url-access=registration }}</ref>
*''P. sindianus'', the '''[[mountain chiffchaff]]''', is found in the [[Caucasus]] (''P. s. lorenzii'') and [[Himalayas]] (''P. s. sindianus''), and is an altitudinal migrant, moving to lower levels in winter. The nominate subspecies is similar to ''P. c. tristis'', but with a finer darker bill, browner upperparts and buff flanks; its song is almost identical to ''P. collybita'', but the call is a weak ''{{not a typo|psew}}''. ''P. s. lorenzii'' is warmer and darker brown than the nominate race;<ref name=Baker/> it is sympatric with common chiffchaff in a small area in the Western Caucasus, but interbreeding occurs rarely, if ever.<ref name=Martens1983/> The mountain chiffchaff differs from ''tristis'' in vocalisations,<ref name=Martens1983>{{Cite journal | last=Martens | first=Von J. | date=1983 | title=Ringförmige Arealüberschneidung und Artbildung beim Zilpzalp, ''Phylloscopus collybita'' | language=de | journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=82–100 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00254.x| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="MartensHänel">{{cite journal | last1 = Martens | first1 = Jochen | last2 = Hänel | first2 = Sabine | year = 1981 | title = Gesangformen und Verwandtschaft der asiatischen Zilpzalpe ''Phylloscopus collybita abietinus'' und ''Ph. c. sindianus'' | language = de | journal = Journal für Ornithologie | volume = 122 | issue = 4| pages = 403–427 | doi = 10.1007/BF01652928 | s2cid = 36030137 }}</ref> external [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]],<ref name=Cramp1992>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | display-editors=etal | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1992 | chapter=''Phylloscopus sindianus'' Mountain Chiffchaff | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=VI: Warblers | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=605–612 [606, 611] | isbn=978-0-19-857509-2 }}</ref> and [[mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] [[Nucleic acid sequence|sequence]]s.<ref name=Helbig1996/> Its two subspecies appear to be distinct vocally,<ref name=Martens1983/> and also show some difference in mtDNA sequences;<ref name=Helbig1996/> they are maintained at subspecies rank pending further research.<ref name = Sangster2002/>

===Etymology===
The common chiffchaff's [[English language|English]] name is onomatopoeic, referring to the repetitive ''{{not a typo|chiff-chaff}}'' song of the European subspecies.<ref name= Cocker>{{cite book | last = Cocker | first = Mark |author2=Mabey, Richard  |title = Birds Britannica | year = 2005 |location=London | publisher = Chatto & Windus | pages = 378–379|isbn = 978-0-7011-6907-7}}</ref> There are similar names in some other European languages, such as the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|tjiftjaf}}, the [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Zilpzalp}}, [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{lang|cy|siff-saff}} and  [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{lang|fi|tiltaltti}}.<ref>[https://glosbe.com/fi/en/tiltaltti Tiltaltti] in Glosbe.</ref> The [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] is of [[Greek language|Greek]] origin; ''Phylloscopus'' comes from ''{{Transliteration|el|phúllon}}''/{{lang|el|φύλλον}} "leaf", and ''{{Transliteration|el|skopéō}}''/{{lang|el|σκοπέω}} "to look at" or "to see",<ref name= Terres >{{cite book | last = Terres | first = John K.|title = The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds | year = 1980 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.| location = New York|page =1001| isbn = 978-0-517-03288-6 }}</ref> since this genus comprises species that spend much of their time feeding in trees, while ''collybita'' is a corruption of κολλυβιστής (''kollubistḗs'') "money changer", the song being likened to the jingling of coins.<ref name= Cocker/> In some languages their tree-dwelling habit is hinted in the vernacular name. For example, in Swedish the common chiffchaff is called ''gransångare'', a compound of ''gran'' (i.e. "[[Picea abies|spruce]]") and ''sångare'', meaning both "singer" and [[Old World warbler]].