Editing Common rail (section)

==History==
[[File:Common rail D7E.jpg|thumb|Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engine]]
In 1916 [[Vickers]] pioneered the use of mechanical common rail systems in [[British G-class submarine|G-class submarine]] engines. For every 90° of rotation, four plunger pumps allowed a constant injection pressure of {{convert|3000|psi|bar MPa}}, with fuel delivery to individual cylinders being shut off by valves in the injector lines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cummins |first=C. Lyle |date=2007 |title=Diesels for the First Stealth Weapon |publisher=Carnot Press |pages=196–198 |isbn=978-0-917308-06-2}}</ref> From 1921 to 1980 [[William Doxford & Sons|Doxford Engines]] used a common rail system in their [[opposed-piston engine|opposed-piston marine engines]], where a multicylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure around {{convert|600|bar|MPa psi}}, with fuel stored in accumulator bottles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doxford Engine Reference|url=http://www.doxford-engine.com/engines.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220213443/http://doxford-engine.com/engines.htm|archive-date=2007-12-20}}</ref> Pressure control was achieved by an adjustable pump discharge stroke and a "spill valve". Camshaft-operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring-loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors, which injected through the side of the cylinder into the chamber formed between the pistons. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder, and the final series of constant-pressure turbocharged engines was fitted with four. This system was used for the injection of both diesel and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature near 130&nbsp;°C).

Common rail engines have been used in marine and [[locomotive]] applications for some time. The [[Cooper Bessemer|Cooper-Bessemer]] GN-8 (''circa'' 1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail.

The common rail system prototype for automotive engines was developed in the late 1960s by [[Robert Huber (engineer)|Robert Huber]] of Switzerland, and the technology was further developed by Dr. Marco [[GANSER CRS AG|Ganser]] at the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology]] in Zurich, later of [[Ganser CRS AG|Ganser-Hydromag AG]] (est. 1995) in Oberägeri.

The first common-rail-Diesel-engine used in a road vehicle was the MN 106-engine by East German ''[[Volkseigener Betrieb|VEB]] IFA Motorenwerke Nordhausen''. It was built into a single [[IFA W 50|IFA W50]] in 1985. Due to a lack of funding, the development was cancelled and mass production was never achieved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meinanzeiger.de/nordhausen/nordhaeuser-an-entwicklung-des-weltweit-ersten-common-rail-diesels-beteiligt-ifa-museum-oeffnet-zur-nordhaeuser-museumsnacht/ |title=Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht |date=25 March 2015 |publisher=meinanzeiger.de |access-date=2022-03-03 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028135442/https://meinanzeiger.de/nordhausen/nordhaeuser-an-entwicklung-des-weltweit-ersten-common-rail-diesels-beteiligt-ifa-museum-oeffnet-zur-nordhaeuser-museumsnacht/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first successful mass production vehicle with common rail, was sold in Japan in 1995. Dr. Shohei Itoh and Masahiko Miyaki of the [[Denso Corporation]] developed the ECD-U2 common rail system, mounted on the [[Hino Ranger#3rd Generation .281989-2002.29|Hino Ranger]] truck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html |title=240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2 |publisher=Jsae.or.jp |access-date=2009-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908165507/http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html |archive-date=2009-09-08 }}</ref> Denso claims the first commercial high-pressure common rail system in 1995.<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Diesel Fuel Injection
 |work        = DENSO Global
 |access-date  = 2011-08-03
 |url         = http://www.globaldensoproducts.com/em/dem/crs/index.html
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070253/http://www.globaldensoproducts.com/em/dem/crs/index.html
 |archive-date = 2011-08-07
}}</ref>

Modern common rail systems are governed by an [[engine control unit]], which controls injectors electrically rather than mechanically. Prototyped in the 1990s by [[Magneti Marelli]], Centro Ricerche Fiat in [[Bari]], and Elasis, with further development by physicist Mario Ricco [[Fiat|Fiat Group]]. Unfortunately Fiat were in a poor financial state at this time, so the design was acquired by [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] for refinement and mass production. <ref name="economist.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197|title=Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker|access-date=2008-05-01|work=economist.com|date=2008-04-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908034030/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197|archive-date=2009-09-08}}</ref> The first passenger car to use this system was the 1997 [[Alfa Romeo 156]] with a 2.4-L [[JTD engine]],<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html|title=New Powertrain Technologies Conference|access-date=2008-04-08|work=autonews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703105445/http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html|archive-date=2013-07-03}}</ref> and later that same year, [[Mercedes-Benz]] introduced it in their [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W202)|W202]] model. In 2001, common rail injection made its way into pickup trucks with the introduction of the 6.6 liter Duramax LB7 V8 used in the Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD. In 2003 Dodge and Cummins launched common rail engines, and Ford followed in 2008 with the 6.4L Powerstroke. Today almost all non-commercial diesel vehicles use common rail systems.