Editing Community-based economics (section)

== Investment and poverty alleviation ==
Community-based development is a form of [[Decentralization|decentralisation]] that "devolves authority to the most local community level". Economic development projects target the poor, often in developing countries.<ref name="park">{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Albert |last2=Wang |first2=Sangui |title=Community-based development and poverty alleviation: An evaluation of China's poor village investment program |journal=Journal of Public Economics |date=2010 |volume=94 |issue=9–10 |pages=790–799 |doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.06.005 |s2cid=18212353 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272710000708|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There have been mixed results from a limited number of studies endeavouring to explore the potential for success from community-based decentralised programs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mansuri |first1=Ghazala |last2=Rao |first2=Vijayendra |title=Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review. Policy Research Working Paper; No.3209 |date=2004 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/14310}}</ref> [[The World Bank]] is on record to have increased funding for community-based development from a minimum of $325 million in 1996 to a minimum of $3 billion in 2003.

Community approaches to poverty reduction address social problems that governments and the voluntary sector usually address. However, these typically incorporate methods employed by the private sector.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Torjman |first1=Sherri |title=Community-Based Poverty Reduction |date=1998 |publisher=The Caledon Institute of Social Policy |location=Canada |isbn=1-895796-98-9 |page=5}}</ref>

[[Community Based Tourism in Myanmar|Community-based tourism]] (CBT) has been advanced as a strategy associated with community development and poverty alleviation through tourism. CBT "has become one of the sector's fastest-growing segments globally...". It is a form of tourism that started in the 1970s and is explicitly aimed at disadvantaged communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giampiccoli |first1=Andrea |last2=Saayman |first2=Melville |title=Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2017). Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and infrastructure development and poverty |journal=African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure |date=2017 |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=7}}</ref> Common challenges are linked to the scarcity of material and non-material (such as skill and education) of poor community members.

=== China ===
In 2001, China began a [[Targeted Poverty Alleviation|community-driven program]] for the purpose of reducing poverty levels. “Participatory village planning” was seen to have been used to promote public investments in targeted villages with higher levels of poverty. There had been programs prior to 2001 in China where investments were made to try to reduce poverty, however, these did not include much participation from the communities themselves. In the current program, each village conducts a public investment plan where projects are voted on by the village residents themselves. The government-initiated program being run in China since 2001 is one of few examples of community-based economics at play, with limited to no participation from international donors.<ref name="park" />

=== Nepal ===
Cooperatives play a vital role in community-based poverty reduction programs. The first multipurpose cooperative in Nepal was established in 1956.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Bishal |title=Roles of Cooperatives in Poverty Reduction: A Case of Nepal |journal=Administration and Management Review |date=2012 |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=125 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/AMR/article/view/7237}}</ref> The purpose of establishing the cooperative was to help support the rehabilitation of flood victims.

=== United States ===
The Amish community are an example of economic development being possible without complete modernisation. Profit is given less importance to religion and its values.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dana |first1=Léo-Paul |title=A Humility-Based Enterprising Community: The Amish People in Lancaster County |journal=Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy |date=2007 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=142–154 |doi=10.1108/17506200710752566}}</ref>
Farmers in the [[Amish]] community refrain from using modern technological equipment and still find ways to sell their products at market prices and make profits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lutz |first1=Martin |title=The Amish in the Market: Competing against the Odds |journal=American Studies Journal |date=2017 |volume=63 |doi=10.18422/63-03 |url=http://www.asjournal.org/63-2017/amish-market-competing-odds/}}</ref> By engaging in the wider economy, the Amish community are better able to deal with population growth, land price increases, as well as rises in costs of goods and services not being produced by the Amish community itself. As such, the Amish still find themselves subject to the economic factors of supply and demand changes, rapid changes in legal and political environments, as well the impacts of [[Globalization|globalisation]].