Editing Compact Disc Digital Audio (section)

== History ==
The [[optophone]], first presented in 1913, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a [[Negative (photography)|transparent photograph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/5100/Funkschau_4Jg_0131_1v1_v20.pdf|title=Das Photo als Schalplatte|language=de|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404173739/https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/5100/Funkschau_4Jg_0131_1v1_v20.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> More than thirty years later, American inventor [[James Russell (inventor)|James T. Russell]] has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=3,501,586 |title=Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system |pubdate=1970-03-17 |fdate=1966-09-01}}</ref> Following litigation, [[Sony]] and [[Philips]] licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988.<ref>{{cite press release |date=2000 |publisher=Reed College public affairs office |title=Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation |access-date=24 July 2014 |url=https://reed.edu/news_center/press_releases/2000-2001/288.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009170700/https://www.reed.edu/news_center/press_releases/2000-2001/288.html |archive-date=9 October 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |title=Inventor of the Week – James T. Russell – The Compact Disc |date=December 1999 |publisher=[[MIT]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |archive-date=17 April 2003 }}</ref> It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |author=Brier Dudley |title=Scientist's invention was let go for a song |date=29 November 2004 |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810225444/https://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>

The compact disc is an evolution of [[LaserDisc]] technology,{{r|Immink}} where a focused [[laser]] beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the CD|url=http://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html|publisher=Philips Research|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-date=23 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160523091404/http://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html }}</ref> Although originally dismissed by [[Philips Research]] management as a trivial pursuit,<ref name="Immink2" /> the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the [[LaserDisc]] format struggled.<ref name="AndItsEnd">{{Cite journal|last=Straw|first=Will|date=2009|title=The Music CD and Its Ends|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=1|pages=79–91|doi=10.2752/175470709787375751|s2cid=191574354}}</ref> 

In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the ''[[Rainbow Books|Red Book]]'' CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|title=Compact Discs: Sound of the Future|first=Edward|last=Rasen|work=Spin|date=May 1985|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216064105/https://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say|last=Billboard|date=March 1992|magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?|last=Kozinn|first=Allan|date=December 1988|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|title=Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=9 January 2016|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123170700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Digital audio laser-disc prototypes ===
In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of {{cvt|20|cm}} and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.laweekly.com/music/why-cds-may-actually-sound-better-than-vinyl-5352162 |title=Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409132701/https://www.laweekly.com/music/why-CDs-may-actually-sound-better-than-vinyl-5352162 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |first=Chris |last=Kornelis |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at {{cvt|11.5|cm}}, the diagonal of an audio cassette.{{r|Immink}}{{r|peek}}

[[Heitaro Nakajima]], who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, [[NHK]], in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital [[PCM adaptor]] that made audio recordings using a [[Betamax]] video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 | title=Heitaro Nakajima | magazine=Billboard | date=8 January 2000 | access-date=4 November 2014 | author=McClure, Steve | pages=68 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065246/https://books.google.com/books?id=kw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 | archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref> Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a {{cvt|30|cm}} disc that could play an hour of digital audio (44,100&nbsp;Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using [[modified frequency modulation]] encoding.<ref name="SonyHistorical">{{cite journal |url=https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=2912 |url-access=subscription |title = A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System | date = March 1979 |website=Audio Engineering Society | access-date = 14 February 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090725223113/https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=2912 | archive-date = 25 July 2009 }}</ref> 

In September 1978, Sony demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056&nbsp;Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and [[cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding]] (CIRC) [[error correction code]]—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd [[Audio Engineering Society|AES]] Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in [[Brussels]].{{r|SonyHistorical}} Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"{{r|BBC6950933}} in [[Eindhoven]], Netherlands.<ref name="PhilipsHistorical">{{cite web | url = https://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_cd.htm | title = Philips Compact Disc | publisher = Philips | access-date = 14 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090319141821/https://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_cd.htm | archive-date = 19 March 2009 }}</ref> Sony executive [[Norio Ohga]], later CEO and chairman of Sony, and [[Heitaro Nakajima]] were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.<ref name="Ohgaobituary">{{ citation | url = https://www.foxnews.com/tech/sony-chairman-credited-with-developing-cds-dies | title = Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies | access-date = 14 October 2012 | work = Fox News | date = 24 April 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521044524/https://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/04/24/sony-chairman-credited-developing-cds-dies/ | archive-date = 21 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Collaboration and standardization ===
[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|upright|Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980]]
In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] and [[Toshitada Doi]], the research pushed forward [[laser]] and [[optical disc]] technology.<ref name="BBC6950933">{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6950933.stm | title = How the CD Was Developed | work = BBC News | date = 17 August 2007 | access-date = 17 August 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222035025/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6950933.stm | archive-date = 22 December 2007 }}</ref> After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the ''Red Book'' CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the [[IEC]] as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Philips coined the term ''compact disc'' in line with another audio product, the [[Compact Cassette]],<ref name="peek">{{cite journal |first=Hans B. |last=Peek |title=The Emergence of the Compact Disc |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=January 2010 |pages=10–17 |volume=48 |number=1 |issn=0163-6804 |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 |s2cid=21402165  }}</ref> and contributed the general manufacturing [[Industrial process|process]], based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed [[eight-to-fourteen modulation]] (EFM), while Sony contributed the [[error-correction]] method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.

''The Compact Disc Story'',<ref name="Immink" /> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons,<ref name="Immink2" /><ref name="Knopper">{{cite book | title = Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age | author = Knopper, Steve | publisher = Free Press | date = 7 January 2009 | access-date = <!-- 2009-038-17 --> }}</ref> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team".<ref name="PhilDoss">{{cite web | url = https://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html | title = The Inventor of the CD | work = Philips Research | access-date = 16 January 2009 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20080129201342/https://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html | archive-date = 29 January 2008 }}</ref>

=== Initial launch and adoption ===
Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included:
* The first ''test pressing'' was of a recording of [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[An Alpine Symphony]]'', recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] and conducted by [[Herbert von Karajan]], who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.<ref name="Karajan">{{cite web | url= https://www.cnn.com/2012/09/28/tech/innovation/compact-disc-turns-30 | title= Rock on! The compact disc turns 30 | date= 29 September 2012 | first= Heather | last= Kelly | publisher= CNN | access-date= 30 September 2012 | quote= The first test CD was Richard Strauss's ''Eine Alpensinfonie'', and the first CD actually pressed at a factory was ABBA's ''[[The Visitors (ABBA album)|The Visitors]]'', but that disc wasn't released commercially until later. | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180828171847/https://www.cnn.com/2012/09/28/tech/innovation/compact-disc-turns-30/ | archive-date= 28 August 2018 | url-status= live }}</ref>
* The world presentation took place during the [[Salzburg Easter Festival]] on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of [[Akio Morita]] and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)|url=https://salzburg-geschichte-kultur.at/weltpraesentation-des-compact-disc-digital-audio-system-audio-cd/|access-date=11 January 2023|website=Salzburg. Geschichte. Kultur.|publisher=Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg|location=Salzburg|language=de|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104049/https://salzburg-geschichte-kultur.at/weltpraesentation-des-compact-disc-digital-audio-system-audio-cd/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The first ''public demonstration'' was on the [[BBC]] television programme ''[[Tomorrow's World]]'' in 1981, when the [[Bee Gees]]' album ''[[Living Eyes (Bee Gees album)|Living Eyes]]'' (1981) was played.<ref name="AutoMR-4">{{cite book| last = Bilyeu|first = Melinda|author2=Hector Cook |author3=Andrew Môn Hughes |publisher = Omnibus Press|year = 2004| isbn = 978-1-84449-057-8| title = The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb| page = 519 }}</ref>
* The first ''commercial'' compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] waltzes performed by [[Claudio Arrau]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |date=20 July 2010 |title=1985 News Story on Debut of the Compact Disc (CD) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwrU8s-M-gc |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=acmestreamingDOTcom |via=YouTube |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625184512/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwrU8s-M-gc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The first 50 titles were ''released'' in Japan on 1 October 1982,<ref name="AutoMR-6">{{cite web|url=https://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-20/h5.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802133849/https://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-20/h5.html|archive-date=2 August 2008|title=Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On|publisher=[[Sony]]|access-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> the first of which was a re-release of [[Billy Joel]]'s 1978 album ''[[52nd Street (album)|52nd Street]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/the-first-compact-disc-released/|title=How Billy Joel's '52nd Street' Became the First Compact Disc released|first=Jeff|last=Giles|work=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]]|publisher=[[Townsquare Media]], LLC|date=1 October 2012|access-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706021629/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/the-first-compact-disc-released/|archive-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
* The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
*The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe<ref>[https://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20070816_25th_anniversary_cd.wpd "Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc"]{{webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150817154431/https://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20070816_25th_anniversary_cd.wpd |date=17 August 2015 }}, Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013.</ref> and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.<ref name="G&M 1983-03-05">{{cite news
 | last      = Kaptainis
 | first     = Arthur
 | title     = Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime
 | newspaper = The Globe and Mail
 | date      = 5 March 1983
| location  = Toronto
 | page      = E11
}}</ref>

The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was [[Dire Straits]], with their 1985 album ''[[Brothers in Arms (album)|Brothers in Arms]]''.<ref name="AutoMR-7">''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'', 2004</ref> One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was [[David Bowie]], whose first fourteen studio albums (up to ''[[Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)]]'') of (then) sixteen were made available by [[RCA Records]] in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums (''[[Let's Dance (David Bowie album)|Let's Dance]]'' and ''[[Tonight (David Bowie album)|Tonight]]'', respectively) had already been issued on CD by [[EMI Records]] in 1983 and 1984, respectively.<ref name="AutoMR-8">The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985</ref> On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by [[the Beatles]] were released in mono on compact disc.<ref name="BeatlesCD">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/25/arts/now-on-cd-s-first-4-beatles-albums.html |title=NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS |author=JON PARELES |date=25 February 1987 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310202959/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/25/arts/now-on-cd-s-first-4-beatles-albums.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marked the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Canale |first=Larry |date=1986 |title=Digital Audio's Guide to Compact Discs |page=4 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-34356-4}}</ref> It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting [[classical music]] and [[audiophile]] communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable [[Discman]], the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded [[cassette tape]] sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harlow |first1=Oliva |title=When Did the CD Replace the Cassette Tape? |url=https://southtree.com/blogs/artifact/when-did-the-cd-replace-the-cassette-tape |website=artifact |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013073112/https://southtree.com/blogs/artifact/when-did-the-cd-replace-the-cassette-tape |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.<ref name="AutoMR-9">MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19–21 Glenn Baddeley. ''November 1989 News Update''. Melbourne Audio Club Inc.</ref>

=== Further development ===
[[File:Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg|thumb|Sony [[Discman]] D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC]]

Early CD players employed binary-weighted [[digital-to-analog converter]]s (DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC.<ref name=stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereophile.com/content/pdm-pwm-delta-sigma-1-bit-dacs|title=PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs|last=van Willenswaard|first=Peter|website=stereophile.com|date=1 May 1989|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204151933/https://www.stereophile.com/content/pdm-pwm-delta-sigma-1-bit-dacs|url-status=live}}</ref> Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors.{{clarify|date=December 2021}}<ref name=stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard /> Another issue was [[jitter]], a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output.<ref name=stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard /> This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem.

A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the [[Delta-sigma modulation#Digital-to-analog conversion|1-bit DAC]], which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called [[pulse-density modulation]] (PDM),<ref name=stereophile-198906-Atkinson>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereophile.com/content/pdm-pwm-delta-sigma-1-bit-dacs-john-atkinson|title=PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs by John Atkinson|last=Atkinson|first=John|website=stereophile.com|year=1989|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204164249/https://www.stereophile.com/content/pdm-pwm-delta-sigma-1-bit-dacs-john-atkinson|url-status=live}}</ref> while Matsushita (now [[Panasonic]]) chose [[pulse-width modulation]] (PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology.<ref name=stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard />

The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the [[vinyl record]] for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and [[Joseph Braat]] presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd [[AES Convention]].<ref>{{Cite journal
|journal=J. Audio Eng. Soc.|volume=32|date=1984|title=Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc
|author=K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237764745
|pages=531–538|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> In June 1985, the computer-readable [[CD-ROM]] (read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable [[CD-R]] discs were introduced.{{efn|The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm [[Taiyo Yuden]] Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.}} Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality.

Other newer video formats such as [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are [[backward compatible]] with audio CDs.

=== Peak ===
CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000.<ref name="statista">{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=Felix |title=The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/12950/cd-sales-in-the-us/ |website=Statista |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013073724/https://www.statista.com/chart/12950/cd-sales-in-the-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the [[audio cassette]] player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.<ref name=nyt20120718>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/automobiles/06AUDIO.html|title=For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over|last=Williams|first=Stephen|newspaper=New York Times|date=4 February 2011|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110105333/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/automobiles/06AUDIO.html|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the [[Super Audio CD]] (SACD) and [[DVD-Audio]]. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of the AES » 2007 September - Volume 55 Number 9 |url=https://www.aes.org/journal/online/JAES_V55/9/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.aes.org |language=sk}}</ref> These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blu-ray is to DVD as SACD was to CD: Better, but not enough better? |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/blu-ray-is-to-dvd-as-sacd-was-to-cd-better-but-not-enough-better/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>

=== Decline ===
With the advent and popularity of [[Digital distribution|Internet-based distribution]] of files in [[Lossy compression|lossy-compressed]] [[audio format]]s such as [[MP3]], sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%.<ref name="AutoMR-11">{{cite news |first=Ethan |last=Smith |title=Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123075988836646491?mod=rss_whats_news_technology&mg=com-wsj |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191140/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123075988836646491?mod=rss_whats_news_technology&mg=com-wsj |archive-date=20 October 2017  }}</ref> Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution.<ref name="AndItsEnd" />  

In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokyotimes.com/buying-cds-continues-to-be-a-tradition-in-japan/|title=Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan – Tokyo Times|date=23 August 2013|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220150903/https://www.tokyotimes.com/buying-cds-continues-to-be-a-tradition-in-japan/|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://riaa.com/media/238E8AC7-3810-A95C-44DC-B6DEB46A3C6E.pdf|title=News and Notes on 2015 Mid-Year RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics|last=Friedlander|first=Joshua P.|year=2015|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930135150/https://riaa.com/media/238E8AC7-3810-A95C-44DC-B6DEB46A3C6E.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats.<ref>Sisaro, Ben. ''New York Times'' 11 June 2015: {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/business/media/line-music-a-new-streaming-service-aims-at-japanese-market.html?_r=0|title=Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King|newspaper=The New York Times|date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191923/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/business/media/line-music-a-new-streaming-service-aims-at-japanese-market.html?_r=0|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2017|last1=Sisario|first1=Ben}}</ref> In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000.<ref name="statista" /> In the UK, 32&nbsp;million units were sold, almost 100&nbsp;million fewer than in 2008.<ref>{{citation |title=Is this the end of owning music? |work=BBC News |date=3 January 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46735093 |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002704/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46735093 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, [[Best Buy]] announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the [[vinyl revival]].<ref name="bestverge">{{cite web |last=Ong |first=Thuy |date=6 February 2018 |title=Best Buy will stop selling CDs as digital music revenue continues to grow |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/6/16973538/bestbuy-target-cd-sales-vinyl-cassette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206181746/https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/6/16973538/bestbuy-target-cd-sales-vinyl-cassette |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=6 February 2018 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Owsinski |first=Bobby |date=7 July 2018 |title=Best Buy, Winding Down CD Sales, Pounds Another Nail Into The Format's Coffin |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bobbyowsinski/2018/07/07/best-buy-cd-sales/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806211709/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bobbyowsinski/2018/07/07/best-buy-cd-sales/amp/ |archive-date=6 August 2018 |access-date=6 August 2018 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Chris Morris |date=2 July 2018 |title=End of a Era: Best Buy Significantly Cuts Back on CDs |url=https://fortune.com/2018/07/02/best-buy-ends-cd-sales/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714110206/https://fortune.com/2018/07/02/best-buy-ends-cd-sales/ |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=6 August 2018 |work=Fortune}}</ref> 

During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of [[minijack]] auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless [[Bluetooth]] connections.<ref name="Biersdorfer">{{cite news |last1=Biersdorfer |first1=J.D. |title=Hand Me the AUX Cord |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/personaltech/hand-me-the-aux-cord.html |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112053206/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/personaltech/hand-me-the-aux-cord.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens.<ref name="Ramey">{{cite news |last1=Ramey |first1=Jay |title=Do You Want a CD Player in a New Car? |url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a35459280/do-you-want-a-cd-player-in-a-new-car/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=Autoweek |date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104052/https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a35459280/do-you-want-a-cd-player-in-a-new-car/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2021, only [[Lexus]] and [[General Motors]] were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.<ref name="Ramey" />

=== Current status ===
CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00740/|title=Physical Formats Still Dominate Japanese Music Market|date=24 June 2020|website=nippon.com|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028183640/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00740/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.strata-gee.com/lets-get-physical-vinyl-sales-up-51-cd-sales-up-for-first-time-in-17-yrs/ | title=Let's Get Physical! Vinyl Sales up >51%, CD Sales up for First Time in 17-yrs | website=Strata-gee.com | date=26 January 2022 | access-date=14 November 2022 | archive-date=14 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114140242/https://www.strata-gee.com/lets-get-physical-vinyl-sales-up-51-cd-sales-up-for-first-time-in-17-yrs/ | url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Axios (website)|Axios]] citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makeuseof.com/cd-sales-are-rising-again-but-why/|title=CD Sales Are Rising Again, but Why?|first=Patrick|last=Kariuki|date=18 March 2022|website=Makeuseof.com|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104056/https://www.makeuseof.com/cd-sales-are-rising-again-but-why/|url-status=live}}</ref> It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/vinyl-and-cassette-uk-sales-continue-to-surge-to-30-year-high-as-cd-sales-decline-slows__34839/|title=Vinyl and cassette UK sales continue to surge to 30 year high|website=Officialcharts.com|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104058/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/vinyl-and-cassette-uk-sales-continue-to-surge-to-30-year-high-as-cd-sales-decline-slows__34839/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook downloading for the first time in over a decade.<ref>https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>

In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/186772/album-shipments-in-the-us-music-industry-since-1999/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> In [[France]] in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazoge |first=Mickaël |date=2024-03-27 |title=En France comme aux États-Unis, les vinyles en position de force face aux CD |url=https://www.01net.com/actualites/en-france-comme-aux-etats-unis-les-vinyles-en-position-de-force-face-aux-cd.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=01net.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Awards and accolades ===
Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include:
* Technical [[Grammy Award]] for Sony and Philips, 1998.<ref name="grammy">{{cite news |url=https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/producers-and-engineers/awards |title=Technical Grammy Award |access-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026094809/https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/producers-and-engineers/awards |archive-date=26 October 2014  }}</ref>
* [[IEEE]] Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."<ref name="IEEE_CD_Milestone">{{cite web | url = https://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Compact_Disc_Audio_Player,_1979 | title = IEEE CD Milestone | publisher = IEEE Global History Network | access-date = 14 October 2010 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091126195434/https://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Compact_Disc_Audio_Player,_1979 | archive-date = 26 November 2009 }}</ref>