Editing Compact fluorescent lamp (section)

== History ==
The parent to the modern fluorescent lamp was invented in the 1890s by [[Peter Cooper Hewitt]].<ref name="History of Compact Fluorescent Lights">{{Cite news |last=Bellis |first=Mary |date=2007 |title=The History of Fluorescent Lights |website=About.com |access-date=2008-02-13 |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_fluorescent.htm |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427185033/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_fluorescent.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Cooper Hewitt lamps were used for photographic studios and industries.<ref name="History of Compact Fluorescent Lights" />

[[Edmund Germer]], Friedrich Meyer, and Hans Spanner patented a high-pressure vapor lamp in 1927.<ref name="History of Compact Fluorescent Lights" /> George Inman later teamed with [[General Electric]] to create a practical fluorescent lamp, sold in 1938 and patented in 1941.<ref name="History of Compact Fluorescent Lights" /> Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]].

The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by [[Edward E. Hammer]], an engineer with General Electric,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/20thcent/invent20.htm#in4|title=Inventing Six Modern Electric Lamps: Compact Fluorescent – The Challenge of Manufacturing |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]] |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> in response to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleveland.com/obituaries/index.ssf/2012/07/edward_e_hammer_of_nela_park_i.html |title=Edward E. Hammer of Nela Park invented compact fluorescent light bulbs: news obituary |last1=Segall |first1=Grant |date=20 July 2012 |website=Cleveland.com |publisher=[[Sun Newspapers]] |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Although the design met its goals, it would have cost GE about $25 million to build new factories to produce the lamps, and thus the invention was shelved.<ref name="Kanellos2007_07_17">{{Cite news |title=Father of the compact fluorescent bulb looks back |first=Michael |last=Kanellos |date=August 2007 |work=CNet News |access-date=2007-07-17 |url=http://www.news.com/Father-of-the-compact-fluorescent-bulb-looks-back/2100-11392_3-6202996.html |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511222641/http://www.news.com/Father-of-the-compact-fluorescent-bulb-looks-back/2100-11392_3-6202996.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The design was eventually copied by others.<ref name="Kanellos2007_07_17" />

In 1980, [[Philips]] introduced its model SL*18, which was a screw-in or [[bayonet mount]] lamp with integral magnetic ballast.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bell |first=John |date=17 March 1983 |title=The Art and Craft of Fluorescent Lamps |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |volume=97 |issue=1349 |page=719}}</ref> The lamp used a folded T4 tube, stable tri-color phosphors, and a mercury [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]]. This was the first successful screw-in replacement for an incandescent lamp, using new rare earth aluminum lattice phosphors to solve the problem of lumen depreciation that would normally occur quickly in such a thin tube; however, it was not widely adopted, because of its large size, weight (over half a kilogram), pronounced 50&nbsp;Hz flicker and 3-minute warm up time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philips SL*18|url=http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/D%20FLCi%20Philips%20SL18%20Mk2%20Prismatic.htm|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.lamptech.co.uk}}</ref> It was based on the SL1000 prototype from 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philips SL1000|url=http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/D%20FLCi%20Philips%20SL1000.htm|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.lamptech.co.uk}}</ref> In 1985, [[Osram]] started selling its model Dulux EL, which was the first CFL to include an electronic ballast.<ref name=Kane2001>{{cite book |first1=Raymond |last1=Kane |first2=Heinz |last2=Sell |year=2001 |title=Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress |edition=Second |publisher=The Fairmont Press |isbn=978-0-88173-378-5 |pages=189–190}}</ref>

Volume was an issue in CFL development, since the fluorescent lamps had to fit in the same volume as comparable incandescent lamps. This required the development of new, high-efficacy phosphors that could withstand more power per unit area than the phosphors used in older, larger fluorescent tubes.<ref name=Kane2001 />

In 1995, helical CFLs, manufactured in China by Shanghai Xiangshan, became commercially available. They were first proposed by General Electric, who saw difficulties bending glass tubes into spirals using automated machinery. Xiangshan solved this problem by bending the tubes by hand, made possible by the then-low labor costs in China.<ref name="lamptech">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/D%20FLCi%20Philips%20Tornado.htm |title=Philips Tornado Asian Compact Fluorescent |publisher=Lamptech.co.uk |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Since that time, sales steadily increased.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2006|title=Barriers to Technology Diffusion: The Case of Compact Fluorescent Lamps|url=https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/37671771.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912180742/http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/37671771.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-12 |access-date=|website=Organisation For Economic co-Operation And Development}}</ref> The phosphor coating in spiral CFLs is uneven, being thicker at the bottom than at the top, owing to the effect of gravity during the coating process.<ref name="lamptech" /> Although their popularity varied across countries, in China CFLs were the "dominant technology in the residential segment" in 2011.<ref name=McKinsey-2012>{{citation |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/automotive%20and%20assembly/lighting_the_way_perspectives_on_global_lighting_market_2012.ashx |format=PDF |title=Lighting the Way: Perspectives on the global lighting market |edition=Second |date=August 2012 |publisher=McKinsey & Company, Inc. |page=29 |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>

Philips Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescent lamps in 2008 and began devoting the bulk of its research and development budget to solid-state lighting such as LED lighting.<ref name="FansofLED">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/technology/28led.html|title=Fans of L.E.D.'s Say This Bulb's Time Has Come|date=28 July 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

The rise of [[LED]] lighting, however, significantly affected CFL sales and production. As a result of decreasing cost and better features, customers increasingly migrated toward LEDs. In India, "nearly 60 per cent of the lighting market ... has been taken over by LEDs" by 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/as-leds-burn-bright-itll-soon-be-lights-out-for-cfl-bulbs/article9838689.ece |title=As LEDs burn bright, it'll soon be lights out for CFL bulbs |first=Rashmi |last=Pratap |date=10 January 2018 |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> [[LED]] prices fell well below US$5 for a basic bulb in 2015.<ref name=NYTimes-GEphaseout>{{cite news |last=Cardwell |first=Diane |date=1 February 2016 |url =https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/business/energy-environment/ge-to-phase-out-cfl-light-bulbs.html?_r=0 |title=G.E. to Phase Out CFL Bulbs |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216044221/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/business/energy-environment/ge-to-phase-out-cfl-light-bulbs.html?_r=0 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> In the United States, CFLs were also facing the possibility of proposed regulations for 2017 that would create difficulty qualifying for the [[Energy Star]] rating.<ref name=NYTimes-GEphaseout /> In early 2016, General Electric announced it would phase out CFL production in the US.<ref name=NYTimes-GEphaseout /><ref name=":0" />

On September 1, 2021, the EU banned the export, import, manufacture and sale of all compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballasts.   
<ref>{{Cite web|title=ecodesign requirements for light sources and separate control gears|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R2020|access-date=2023-06-30|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Old compact fluorescent lamp.JPG|Philips SL*18, an early CFL
File:Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg|A helical integrated CFL, one of the most popular designs in North America since 1995, when a Chinese firm marketed the first successful design<ref name="lamptech" />
</gallery>