Editing Computational biology (section)

== History ==
[[Bioinformatics]], the analysis of informatics processes in [[biological system]]s, began in the early 1970s. At this time, research in [[artificial intelligence]] was using [[network model]]s of the human brain in order to generate new [[algorithms]]. This use of [[biological data]] pushed biological researchers to use computers to evaluate and compare large data sets in their own field.<ref name="Hogeweg 2011">{{cite journal |last=Hogeweg |first=Paulien |date=7 March 2011 |title=The Roots of Bioinformatics in Theoretical Biology |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |series=3 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e1002021 |bibcode=2011PLSCB...7E2021H |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002021 |pmc=3068925 |pmid=21483479 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  

By 1982, researchers shared information via [[Punched card|punch cards]]. The amount of data grew exponentially by the end of the 1980s, requiring new computational methods for quickly interpreting relevant information.<ref name="Hogeweg 2011"/>

Perhaps the best-known example of computational biology, the [[Human Genome Project]], officially began in 1990.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=The Human Genome Project |url=https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=The Human Genome Project}}</ref> By 2003, the project had mapped around 85% of the human genome, satisfying its initial goals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Genome Project FAQ |url=https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Completion-FAQ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=National Human Genome Research Institute |language=en |date=February 24, 2020 |url-status=deviated |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220423192726/https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Completion-FAQ |archive-date= Apr 23, 2022 }}</ref> Work continued, however, and by 2021 level "a complete genome" was reached with only 0.3% remaining bases covered by potential issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T2T-CHM13v1.1 - Genome - Assembly |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_009914755.3 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=NCBI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629231010/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_009914755.3/ |archive-date= Jun 29, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genome List - Genome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=NCBI}}</ref> The missing Y [[chromosome]] was added in January 2022.

Since the late 1990s, computational biology has become an important part of biology, leading to numerous subfields.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Bourne|first=Philip|title=Rise and Demise of Bioinformatics? Promise and Progress|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002487|volume=8|issue=4|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|pages=e1002487|pmid=22570600|pmc=3343106|year=2012|bibcode=2012PLSCB...8E2487O |doi-access=free }}</ref> Today, the [[International Society for Computational Biology]] recognizes 21 different 'Communities of Special Interest', each representing a slice of the larger field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COSI Information |url=https://www.iscb.org/cms_addon/cosi_reporting_system/COSIs |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.iscb.org |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421205504/https://www.iscb.org/cms_addon/cosi_reporting_system/COSIs |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition to helping sequence the human genome, computational biology has helped create accurate [[model]]s of the [[human brain]], [[Genome architecture mapping|map the 3D structure of genomes]], and model biological systems.<ref name="Hogeweg 2011" />