Editing Computational neuroscience (section)

==History==
The term 'computational neuroscience' was introduced by [[Eric L. Schwartz]], who organized a conference, held in 1985 in [[Carmel, California]], at the request of the Systems Development Foundation to provide a summary of the current status of a field which until that point was referred to by a variety of names, such as neural modeling, brain theory and neural networks. The proceedings of this definitional meeting were published in 1990 as the book ''Computational Neuroscience''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Schwartz, Eric |title=Computational neuroscience |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-262-19291-0 }}</ref> The first of the annual open international meetings focused on Computational Neuroscience was organized by [[James M. Bower]]  and John Miller in [[San Francisco, California]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bower, James M. |title=20 years of Computational neuroscience |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Germany |year=2013 |isbn=978-1461414230}}</ref> The first graduate educational program in computational neuroscience was organized as the Computational and Neural Systems Ph.D. program at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in 1985.

The early historical roots of the field<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Xue |last2=Markram |first2=Henry |date=2019 |title=A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience |journal=Frontiers in Neuroinformatics |volume=13 |page=32 |doi=10.3389/fninf.2019.00032 |doi-access=free |issn=1662-5196 |pmc=6513977 |pmid=31133838}}</ref> can be traced to the work of people including [[Louis Lapicque]], [[Alan Hodgkin|Hodgkin]] & [[Andrew Huxley|Huxley]], [[David H. Hubel|Hubel]] and [[Torsten Wiesel|Wiesel]], and [[David Marr (psychologist)|David Marr]]. Lapicque introduced the [[integrate and fire]] model of the neuron in a seminal article published in 1907,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lapicque L |title= Recherches quantitatives sur l'excitation électrique des nerfs traitée comme une polarisation |journal=J. Physiol. Pathol. Gen. |volume=9 |pages=620–635 |year=1907}}</ref> a model still popular for [[artificial neural network]]s studies because of its simplicity (see a recent review<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brunel N, Van Rossum MC |title= Lapicque's 1907 paper: from frogs to integrate-and-fire |journal=Biol. Cybern. |volume=97 |pages=337–339 |year=2007 |pmid=17968583 |doi=10.1007/s00422-007-0190-0 |issue=5–6|s2cid= 17816096 }}</ref>).

About 40 years later, [[Alan Hodgkin|Hodgkin]] and [[Andrew Huxley|Huxley]] developed the [[voltage clamp]] and created the first biophysical model of the [[action potential]]. [[David H. Hubel|Hubel]] and [[Torsten Wiesel|Wiesel]] discovered that neurons in the [[primary visual cortex]], the first cortical area to process information coming from the [[retina]], have oriented receptive fields and are organized in columns.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hubel DH, Wiesel TN |title=Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex |journal=J. Physiol. |volume=160 |pages=106–54 |year=1962 |pmid=14449617 |pmc=1359523 |doi= 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837|url=http://www.jphysiol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14449617 |issue=1}}</ref> David Marr's work focused on the interactions between neurons, suggesting computational approaches to the study of how functional groups of neurons within the [[hippocampus]] and [[neocortex]] interact, store, process, and transmit information. Computational modeling of biophysically realistic neurons and dendrites began with the work of [[Wilfrid Rall]], with the first multicompartmental model using [[cable theory]].