Editing Computer-aided software engineering (section)

== History ==
The Information System Design and Optimization System (ISDOS) project, started in 1968 at the [[University of Michigan]], initiated a great deal of interest in the whole concept of using computer systems to help analysts in the very difficult process of analysing requirements and developing systems. Several papers by Daniel Teichroew fired a whole generation of enthusiasts with the potential of automated systems development. His Problem Statement Language / Problem Statement Analyzer (PSL/PSA) tool was a CASE tool although it predated the term.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Teichroew|first1=Daniel|last2=Hershey|first2=Ernest Allen|title=PSL/PSA a computer-aided technique for structured documentation and analysis of information processing systems|journal=Proceeding ICSE '76 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Software Engineering|date=1976|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=807641|publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press}}</ref>

Another major thread emerged as a logical extension to the [[data dictionary]] of a [[database]]. By extending the range of [[metadata]] held, the attributes of an application could be held within a dictionary and used at runtime. This "active dictionary" became the precursor to the more modern [[model-driven engineering]] capability. However, the active dictionary did not provide a graphical representation of any of the metadata. It was the linking of the concept of a dictionary holding analysts' metadata, as derived from the use of an integrated set of techniques, together with the graphical representation of such data that gave rise to the earlier versions of CASE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coronel|first1=Carlos|last2=Morris|first2=Steven|title=Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management|date=February 4, 2014|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1285196145|pages=695–700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWLpAgAAQBAJ&q=case+tools+data+dictionary&pg=PA698|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>

The next entrant into the market was Excelerator from Index Technology in Cambridge, Mass.  While DesignAid ran on Convergent Technologies and later Burroughs Ngen networked microcomputers, Index launched Excelerator on the [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|IBM PC/AT]] platform. While, at the time of launch, and for several years, the IBM platform did not support networking or a centralized database as did the Convergent Technologies or Burroughs machines, the allure of IBM was strong, and Excelerator came to prominence. Hot on the heels of Excelerator were a rash of offerings from companies such as Knowledgeware (James Martin, [[Fran Tarkenton]] and Don Addington), Texas Instrument's [[CA Gen]] and [[Andersen Consulting|Andersen Consulting's]] FOUNDATION toolset (DESIGN/1, INSTALL/1, FCP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySO4VbD0-mcC&q=pc%20mag%201990%20case%20tools&pg=PA1|title=PC Mag|date=1990-01-30|publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc.|language=en}}</ref>

CASE tools were at their peak in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yourdon|first1=Ed|title=Can XP Projects Grow?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_faqtO2fEbkC&q=CASE+tools+most+interest+90%27s&pg=PA28|access-date=25 November 2014|publisher=Computerworld|date=Jul 23, 2001}}</ref>  According to the [[PC Magazine]] of January 1990, over 100 companies were offering nearly 200 different CASE tools.<ref name=":0" />  At the time [[IBM]] had proposed AD/Cycle, which was an alliance of software vendors centered on IBM's [[Software repository]] using [[IBM DB2]] in [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]] and [[OS/2]]:

:''The application development tools can be from several sources: from IBM, from vendors, and from the customers themselves. IBM has entered into relationships with Bachman Information Systems, Index Technology Corporation, and [[KnowledgeWare|Knowledgeware]] wherein selected products from these vendors will be marketed through an IBM complementary marketing program to provide offerings that will help to achieve complete life-cycle coverage''.<ref name="ADC_SAaA">"AD/Cycle strategy and architecture", IBM Systems Journal, Vol 29, NO 2, 1990; p. 172.</ref>

With the decline of the mainframe, AD/Cycle and the Big CASE tools died off, opening the market for the mainstream CASE tools of today. Many of the leaders of the CASE market of the early 1990s ended up being purchased by [[Computer Associates]], including IEW, IEF, ADW, Cayenne, and Learmonth & Burchett Management Systems (LBMS).  The other trend that led to the evolution of CASE tools was the rise of object-oriented methods and tools. Most of the various tool vendors added some support for object-oriented methods and tools.  In addition new products arose that were designed from the bottom up to support the object-oriented approach. Andersen developed its project Eagle as an alternative to Foundation. Several of the thought leaders in object-oriented development each developed their own methodology and CASE tool set: Jacobson, Rumbaugh, [[Grady Booch|Booch]], etc. Eventually, these diverse tool sets and methods were consolidated via standards led by the [[Object Management Group]] (OMG). The OMG's [[Unified Modelling Language]] (UML) is currently widely accepted as the industry standard for object-oriented modeling.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}